1. Organic and Biochemical Compounds

2. Organic compound – a covalently bonded compound that contains carbon, excluding carbonates and oxides Organic compounds contain Carbon and almost always Hydrogen Other atoms such as Oxygen, Nitrogen Sulfur, and Phosphorus are also found in some organic compounds

3. Ex:- aspirin- organic compound acetylsalicylic acid, C 9 H 8 O 4 - sugarless chewing gum has organic compounds, sweeteners : sorbitol C 6 H 14 O 6 and aspartame C 14 H 18 N 2 O 5.

4. When a compound is made of only carbon and hydrogen atoms, it is called Hydrocarbon Ex: methane, carbon have 4 valence electrons, each of these electrons forms a different C-H single bond Carbon atoms can never form more than a total of four covalent bonds in organic compounds

5. Alkenes- are hydrocarbons that have only single covalent bonds Methane- CH4 has only C-H bonds Ethane- C2H6 has a C-C bond in addition to six C-H bonds Propane-C3H8 has 3 bonded carbon atoms, each carbon forms three bonds with three hydrogen atoms

7. Arrangements of carbon in alkenes: carbon atoms in any alkane with more than 3 carbon atoms can have more than one possible arrangement Except for cyclic alkenes like cyclohexane, the chemical formula for alkene : C n H 2n+2

10. Alkenes have double C=C bonds

11. Alkenes are also carbohydrates They are called like alkanes but with the – ane ending replaced by –ene, they are different because they have at least one double covalent bond: C=C Ex: - ethene (or ethylene) C 2 H 4 is formed when fruit ripens -propene (or propylene) C 3 H 6 is used to make rubbing alcohol and some plastics

12. Alcohol have -OH groups (or hydroxyl) Methanol CH3OH is added to ethanol CH3CH2OH, to make denatured alcohol Isopropanol which is found in rubbing alcohol : C 3 H 8 O or (CH 3 ) 2 CHOH

13. DNA inside the cells of your body, rubber, wood, and plastic milk jugs they all are made of large molecules called polymers Polymer – a large moleule that is formed by more than five monomers, or small units

14. Many polymers have repeating subunits Poly means “many” Polyethene = “many ethenes”, in this case C2H4 is called monomer Some polymers are natural (wood, DNA, protein) others are man-made (plastic or fibers) The elasticity of a polymer is determined by its structue (ex: if you crush a milk jug, it does not return to its original shape-is not elastic)

15. Biochemical Compounds Carbohydrate- any organic compound that is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen and that provides nutrients to the cells of living things Protein-an organic compound that is made of oneor more chains of amino cids and that is a principal component of all cell

16. Amino acid any one of 20 different organic molecules that contain a carboxyl and an amino group and that to form proteins Ex: insulin Many proteins are made of thousands of bonded amino acid molecules

17. DNA- is a polymer with a complex structure Your DNA- determines your entire genetic makeup DNA- is it made of organic molecules containing carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus

18. DNA’s structure resembles a twisted ladder Attached to each sugar molecule is one of four possible DNA monomers: adenine, thymine, cytosine or guanine Most ccells have a copy of your genetic material in the form of chromosomes made of DNA