1. Evidence of Evolution by Natural Selection

2. Evidence supporting evolution Fossil record transitional fossils, fossil strata Molecular record DNA, RNA, proteins Fossil record transitional fossils, fossil strata Molecular record DNA, RNA, proteins

3. Evidence supporting evolution Anatomical record homologous structures vestigial structures adaptations Artificial selection Anatomical record homologous structures vestigial structures adaptations Artificial selection

4. Fossil record

5. Elephant phylogeny. How many extinct lineages? Closest living relative?

6. Evolutionary change in horses Millions of years ago 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 605550454035302520151050 Equus Hyracotherium Mesohippus Merychippus Nannippus Body size (kg) 20 mya: more grasslands in N. America. Molars = chew grass Hoof = run fass

7. Evolution of birds Archaeopteryx

8. Land Mammal

9. 2006 Fossil Discovery of Early Tetrapod Tiktaalik

10. Anatomical Record Homologous Structures

11. spines tendrils succulent leaves colored leaves Homologous structures leaves needles

12. Divergent Evolution Common ancestry

13. Analogous structures Similar functions, no evolutionary relationship. Results from similar niche, selective pressures.

14. Convergent evolution Flight evolved in 3 separate animal groups. Analogous structures.

15. Convergent or Divergent?

16. Analogous or Homologous? What selective pressures acted here?

17. Parallel Evolution Convergent evolution in common niches filling similar ecological roles in similar environments, so similar adaptations were selected but are not closely related Convergent evolution in common niches filling similar ecological roles in similar environments, so similar adaptations were selected but are not closely related marsupial mammals marsupial mammals placental mammals placental mammals

18. Vestigial organs Were functional in ancestral species. Mutations accumulate in genes for non-critical structures.

19. Comparative embryology A Homology. Vertebrate embryos all have gill pouches, post-anal tail, notochord

20. Molecular record Universal code. Compare common genes = molecular record of evolutionary relationships.

21. Molecular record 0255075100125 0 25 50 75 100 Millions of years ago Horse/donkey Sheep/goat Goat/cow Llama/cow Pig/cow Rabbit/rodent Horse/cow Human/rodent Dog/cow Human/cow Human/kangaroo Nucleotide substitutions Greater # molecular differences = more time since divergence from common ancestor.

22. Building “family” trees Closely related species share same line of descent until their divergence from a common ancestor.