1. Research-Based Strategies for Increasing Student Achievement From Classroom Instruction that Works by R. Marzano, D. Pickering, J. Pollock Created by The School District of Lee County, CSDC in conjunction with Cindy Harrison, Adams 12 Five Star Schools Identifying Similarities & Differences

2. Participant Outcomes Participants will: Understand the purpose and importance of identifying similarities and differences Determine ways to implement identifying similarities and differences in the Media Center Review examples of identifying similarities and differences activities

3. Categories in Instructional Strategies That Affect Student Achievement Category Average Effect Percentile No. of ESs Size (ES)Gain Identifying similarities and differences1.614531 Summarizing and note taking1.0034179 Reinforcing effort and providing recognition0.802921 Homework and practice0.7728134 Nonlinguistic representations0.7527246 Cooperative learning0.7327122 Setting objectives and providing feedback0.6123408 Generating and testing hypotheses0.612363 Questions, cues and advance organizers0.59221,251

4. Food eaten during frontier days Food eaten today Identifying Similarities & Differences

5. Generalizations based on research: 1.Presenting explicit guidance in identifying similarities & differences enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. 2.Asking students to independently identify similarities & differences enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. 3.Representing similarities & differences in graphic or symbolic form enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. 4.Identification of similarities & differences can be accomplished in a variety of ways. Research and Theory about Identifying Similarities & Differences

6. Generalization #1: Presenting explicit guidance in identifying similarities & differences enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. Teacher-directed Directly present with steps and give the information to compare Generalization #2: Asking students to independently identify similarities & differences enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. Student-directed Students identify topics for comparison Stimulates divergent thinking

7. Research and Theory about Identifying Similarities & Differences Generalization #3: Representing similarities & differences in graphic or symbolic form enhances ability to understand and use knowledge. Graphic/symbolic forms require students to deeply process information Increases number of distinctions students find Generalization #4: Identification of similarities & differences can be accomplished in a variety of ways. 4 ways to identify similarities and differences Comparing, classifying, creating metaphors, and creating analogies

8. Recommendations for Media Skills Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences a.Use comparing, classifying, creating metaphors, and creating analogies b.Give students a model c.Use a familiar context to teach steps d.Use graphic organizers e.Guide students

9. Recommendations for Media Skills Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences a. 4 basic processes should be taught Comparing The process of identifying and articulating similarities & differences among items. Classifying The process of grouping things into definable categories on the basis of their attributes. Creating Metaphors The process of identifying and articulating the underlying theme or general pattern in information. Creating Analogies The process of identifying relationships between pairs of concepts (e.g., relationships between relationships.

10. Recommendations for Media Skills Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences b.Give students models of the 4 processes 1.Select items want to compare 2.Select characteristics of the items on which you want to base your comparison 3.Explain how the items are similar and different with respect to the characteristics you selected.

11. Example of Comparison Fiction and Non-fiction

12. 1.Identify items 2.Describe key attributes of an important item and identify other items with same attributes 3.Create a category by specifying attribute 4.Select another item, describe key attributes, identify other items with same attributes 5.Create 2 nd category by specifying attribute 6.Repeat steps 4 and 5 until all classified 7.If necessary, combine or split categories

13. Example of Classification Dewey Decimal Classification System Is similar to the grocery store.

14. 1.Identify important or basic elements. 2.Write basic information as a general pattern by Replacing works for specific things with words for more general things Summarizing info when possible. 3.Find new information/situation to which the general pattern applies.

15. Example of Metaphor Cafeteria lunches are dog food

16. 1.Identify how the 2 elements in the first pair are related. 2.State the relationship in a general way. 3.Identify another pair of elements that share a similar relationship.

17. Example of Analogy Words are to books as notes are to music

18. Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences c.Use a familiar context to teach steps Example: words create books (words and notes are both creative devices) notes create music

19. Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences d.Use graphic organizers Examples:

20. Recommendations for Classroom Practice on Identifying Similarities & Differences e.Guide students as they engage in this process. Gradually give less structure and less guidance. Example: 1.Give complete analogy Words are to book as Notes are to music 2.Give incomplete analogy Evaporation is to water as Photosynthesis is to __________ 3.Give guidance and practice until the student can complete independently _________________ is to ______________ in the novel 1984 as _________________ is to ______________in The Scarlet Letter

21. Using a whip What have you learned about identifying similarities and differences?

22. What thoughts, questions, challenges, or ideas do you have?