1. AP World History POD #19 – Revolutions In Europe European Nationalism

2. Class Discussion Questions McKay – The Revolutions fo 1848”, pp. 778-782 McKay – “Napoleon III in France”, pp. 823-825 pp. 823-825 McKay – “Nation Building in Italy and Germany”, pp. 826-833

3. What were the key event in the Greek independence movement? ► Greece was under the control of the Ottoman Turks since thee 15 th century ► They remained united through language and the Greek Orthodox religion ► Greek nationalism began to emerge ► Secret societies were formed and revolt broke out in 1821

4. How did the other European nations view Greek calls for independence? ► Europe feared the spread of nationalism as it would lead to the end of multinational empires ► The Great Powers, particularly Metternich were opposed to all revolution even against the Islamic Turks. Thus, they refused to support the Greeks and instead supported the Turks ► By 1827 Great Britain, France, and Russia directed the Turks to accept and armistice granting Greek independence by 1830

5. What changes in Great Britain brought it to the brink of revolution? ► Industrial Revolution created a new working class (landless) and a rising middle class with great wealth ► Urbanization created a population shift from the rural agricultural land to the cities ► The ruling elite developed a fear of liberal revolutionary ideas of France ► The ruling elite began to defend their privileged status through harsh repression of popular protest

6. What reforms were instituted to avoid revolution in Great Britain? ► Reform Bill of 1832 – brought the House of Commons to the forefront of political power as the House of Lords lost power and influence ► Reform Bill of 1832 temporarily prevented popular unrest ► This was a response to the new industrial areas that had grown in population – they gained greater political power

7. What pressures brought France back to revolution in 1848? ► Government refused to consider electoral reform ► Popular revolt in Paris ► Louis Philippe abdicated the throne ► Division and clash between moderate liberal republicans and the socialists ► Socialists attacked the Constituent Assembly ► Revolt put down by the middle class National Guard

8. What reforms were instituted to relieve the pressure? ► Republic was proclaimed – 10 man executive committee was created ► Many liberal reforms were instituted ► Strong executive Napoleon III was put in power in the place of a generous democratic republic

9. How did revolution play out in Austria in 1848? ► The French uprising motivated the Austrian uprising ► Liberals demanded written constitutions, representative government, and greater civil liberties ► The king originally granted liberal concessions, but the monarchy, aristocracy, and regular army reasserted their authority and took back many of the concessions

10. How did revolution play out in Prussian in 1848? ► Goal of Prussian liberals was to create a liberal constitutional monarchy which would link the 38 German states into a unified nation ► Artists and factory workers revolted in Britain ► Common goals and objectives could not be reached between the rival political factions ► Frederick William of Prussia was elected emperor and granted limited conservative constitutionalism ► Austria and Russia conservative by nature force Prussia to remove these liberal and unification reforms

11. THE MORE THINGS CHANGE THE MORE THEY REMAIN THE SAME!!! ► In the end conservatism continued to hold on at the end of 1848 in large part because of differing goals and objectives among the liberal political groups ► Early nationalism was generally liberal an idealistic and often democratic and radical as well. The ideas of nationhood and popular sovereignty posed a fearful revolutionary threat to conservatives like Metternich.

12. How did Napoleon III rise and fall from power in France? ► Louis Napoleon was elected President of France in December 1848 by the middle class and peasant property owners fearing a socialist revolution who desired a strong authoritarian ruler who offer protection and stability ► He was supported by the military and was elected Emperor (Napoleon III) – this was after he dismissed the National Assembly in a coup d’etat ► Economic Reforms – encouraged the creation of investment banks / encouraged railroad construction / used public works projects to improve urban living conditions ► As result of high profits on investments and improving urban conditions he enjoyed great support until the mid 1860s ► Political Reforms – used universal male suffrage to gain support / nationalism began to erode his public support / criticized for his authoritarian rule by middle class liberals / during the 1860s his empire became more liberalized creating new political adversaries / gave in to demands for a new constitution with a stronger parliamentary system and hereditary emperor as chief of state

13. What were the three proposed plans to facilitate the unification of Italy? ► Prior to 1850 Italy was divided between small kingdoms and foreign powers ► 1. Guiseppe Mazzini – preached a centralized democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people ► 2. Vincenzo Gioberti – called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope ► 3. Looked for leadership from a strong autocratic kingdom of Sardinia-Piedmont

14. What were the strengths and weaknesses of each of these plans? ► The failures of 1848 made option #3 the best choice ► Victor Emmanuel retained the liberal constitution of 1848 granting civil liberties and parliamentary government this was very appealing to the liberal middle class ► The Pope remained staunchly opposed to any attempts at national unification

15. What role did Count Camillo di Cavour and Guisseppe Garibaldi play in the unification of Italy? ► Cavour was the dominant figure in Sardinia politics and he desired to unify the northern Italian states ► Cavour worked with France to drive Austria out of Lombardy and Venetia (France later backed out of this alliance fearing a strong state on their southern border and as a result of pressure brought by French Catholics) ► Compromise – Sardinia got Lombardy ► Garibaldi led the “Red Shirts” a revolutionary group through Southern Italy on a liberation mission (he won popular support) ► The newly liberated southern territories voted to unite with Sardinia in the north ► While united on paper Italy was economically divided between the prosperous north and stagnant, agrarian south

16. How did geography impact the effort to unify Germany? ► Austria and Prussia backed earlier attempts to unite the German Federation ► The Germanic States were united through common trade unions and agreements – this allowed a great deal of economic prosperity ► New king of Prussia Frederick William IV began a renewed focus on military strength and dominance

17. What role did Otto von Bismarck play in the unification of Germany? ► Master politician and diplomat (enforced his will) ► Believed Prussia needed to lead German affairs and Austria removed from a position of influence ► Desired a localized war with Austria so not to provoke the Austria-Russia alliance ► Austro-Prussian War of 1866 – Austria was forced from German affairs ► Northern provinces were united with Prussia while the Catholic southern states remained independent ► A new federal government was created where Bismarck was answerable only to President William I was created ► Lower house of Parliament was based on popular elections giving Bismarck a powerful ally to weaken the middle class ► Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871) – Bismarck realized a war with France would force the southern German states to align with Prussia / at issue whether a distant relative of William I of Prussia could become king of Spain / France gave Germany Alsace and Lorraine (this would remain a sore issue between the two countries and would be played out in WWI)

18. How did Bismarck use “Blood and Iron” to unify Germany? ► Strong Military ► Strong Industry ► Begin on a path to Great Power status and empire ► The weakest of the Great Powers in 1862 (after Austria, Great Britain, France, and Russia), Prussia had become the most powerful state in Europe in less than a decade

19. How was nationalism reinforced in Germany, France, Great Britain, and Ireland? ► Germany – used protective tariffs to protect economic interests, introduced social security measures to protect the sick, infirm, unemployed and elderly ► France – used public education to “teach” national values – education became secular, 1801 Concordat eliminated, no further ties between church and state ► Great Britain – Voting Rights (1884) – near universal male suffrage, the House of Commons threatened the House of Lords with new peers to limit their power ► Ireland – Northern Ireland Protestants refused to submerge themselves in a Catholic Ireland, just as Irish Catholics refused to submit to a Protestant Britain