1. Evaluating Field Soils In-field evaluation Routine soil tests Biological tests Comprehensive soil health evaluation (Cornell)

2. In-field Evaluation Roots

3. In-field Evaluation Compaction

4. In-field Evaluation Signs of runoff and erosion

5. In-field Evaluation Earthworms, Wet spots Etc.

6. Getting the most from your soil tests

7. What do soil tests tell us?

8. pH Lime Requirement (if any) calcium, magnesium, potassium levels CEC organic matter micronutrient levels?

9. For Nitrogen PSNT is a separate test, taken at a different time of the year than routine soil tests

10. Getting the most from your soil tests What don’t routine soil tests tell us?

11. Soil testing is only one part of nutrient management Nutrient flows Nutrient cycles Organic matter management

12. proper management low high over fertilization under fertilization 2 4 6 8 10 12 years corn/hay rotation Soil test P and K trends under different fertility management regimes. (Modified from The PennState Agronomy Guide, 1999) corn hay corn hay Optimal soil test range range low high Optimal soil test range range low high Optimal soil test range range

13. Different lab procedures Various ways to report results Numerous recommendation systems Getting the most from your soil tests ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? Causes of confusion

14. Different lab procedures Different solutions used Getting the most from your soil tests Bray-1 Mehlich 1 Mehlich 3 Morgan Modified Morgan Olsen Bray-2

15. Various ways to report results Getting the most from your soil tests lbs/acre ppm Index of 1 to 100 Elemental forms P and K Oxide forms P 2 O 5 and K 2 O Vs.

16. Numerous recommendation systems Getting the most from your soil tests sufficiency Build-up and maintain Cation ratio balancing

17. 100 90 80 70 60 soil test P level Percent of maximum yield with different soil test levels. v. low low optimum high v. high % of maximum yield

18. Chance of added fertilizer increasing yield by enough to cover costs (%) The chances of getting an economic return to using fertilizer at different soil test levels. 100 75 50 25 Soil test level

19. Cation Ratio vs. Sufficiency System The cation ratio system is used by some labs only for making K, Mg, and Ca Does not effect N or P recommendations Some labs blend the two systems for making K (PSU) or Mg (UVM) recommendations

20. Modified Morgan’s Solution (Vermont) CategoryLow Medium Optimum High V. High Available P 0–2 2–4 4–7 7–20 >20 K0–5051–100 101–130 131–160 >160 Mg 0–3535–50 51–100 >100 ---- NOTE: nutrients in ppm

21. For potash CategoryLow Medium Optimum High V. High K (ppm)0–5051–100 101–130 131–160 >160 K 2 O to apply100–36060–240 40–140 0—60 none NOTE: Application is in lbs per acre of K 2 O

22. For Phosphate CategoryLow Medium Optimum High V. High Available P 0–2 2–4 4–7 7–20 >20 P 2 O 5 apply60 40 2000 IF Al low (10 ppm) UVM soil test recommendation system takes reactive Aluminum into account. The more Al, the greater P needs to be added to increase soil test by a given amount. A high Al value can double the recommended P application at low and low-medium soil tests.

23. Basic Cation Saturation Ratio System

24. CEC K(2-5%) Mg 10-15% Ca 65-75% 302923603900 282743363640 262543123380 242342883120 222152632860 201952402600 181872302340 161762182080 141642021820 121521831560 101411601300 81291351040 6117106 708 4 85 75 520 2 67 54 330

26. One Hundred Years of Ca:Mg Ratio Research 1/ K.A. Kelling, E.E. Schulte and J.B. Peters 2/ The question of the importance of soil Ca:Mg ratios in the nutrition of crops and for making soil test recommendations has been raised many times over the past 100+ years. Recently this issue has surfaced again as a part of programs promoted as “sustainable farming systems” or friendlier to the land or other parts of the environment. As others before them, these businesses are promoting the use of calcitic limestone, or gypsum (CaS0 4 ) to bring Wisconsin soil into better cationic “balance”. 1/ Kelling, K.A., E.E. Schulte, and J.B. Peters. 1996. One hundred years of Ca: Mg ratio research. New Horizons in Soil Science, Number 8-96, Dept. of Soil Science, University of Wisconsin, 10 p.

27. Our examination of data from numerous studies (particularly those of Albrecht and Bear themselves) would suggest that, within the ranges commonly found in soils, the chemical, physical, and biological fertility of a soil is generally not influenced by the ratios of Ca, Mg, and K. The data do not support the claims of the BCSR, and continued promotion of the BCSR will result in the inefficient use of resources in agriculture… —Kopittke and Menzies (2007) Our examination of data from numerous studies (particularly those of Albrecht and Bear themselves) would suggest that, within the ranges commonly found in soils, the chemical, physical, and biological fertility of a soil is generally not influenced by the ratios of Ca, Mg, and K. The data do not support the claims of the BCSR, and continued promotion of the BCSR will result in the inefficient use of resources in agriculture… —Kopittke and Menzies (2007)