1. Cities Without Suburbs
By David Rusk

2. Outline Methodology – determining elasticity (Jodie)
Consequences of elasticity or lack thereof (Robert)
Ways to achieve an elastic city (Ingrid)
Conclusions and recommendations (Daryan)

3. Outline Methodology – determining elasticity
Consequences of elasticity or lack thereof
Ways to achieve an elastic city
Conclusions and recommendations

4. Selecting Metropolitan Areas To Study
Excludes areas with fewer than 200,000 residents
Excludes Mexican border towns
Excludes declining mining regions
Excludes white-only metro areas
Excludes city-less metro areas

5. Process For Determining Elasticity
Density of cities in 1950
Amount of city expansion from
Example of New York City, New York and Anchorage, Alaska

6. Levels of Elasticity
Separated cities in selected metropolitan areas into five groups:
Zero elasticity
Low elasticity
Medium elasticity
High elasticity
Hyper elasticity

8. The Point of No Return Major loss of population
Disproportionate minority population
Residents had average income levels less than 70% of suburban income levels
Demonstrates the Fourth Law of Urban Dynamics

9. Cities Without Suburbs
Surprisingly most are located in more modest income metro areas
All of these cities dominate their areas
These cities are making the most of the areas’ available resources
City must have 50% or more of the metro population
Average per capita income of city residents must be 90% or more of suburban residents

10. Cities Without Suburbs

11. Cities Without Suburbs

12. The Key for Cities Without Suburbs
“…these twenty-three communities are becoming societies of greater social equity and economic mobility…have a lower level of racial segregation…have greater unity among their public institutions, their residents have better access to the entire region’s resources…” (82)

13. Outline Methodology – determining elasticity
Consequences of elasticity or lack thereof
Ways to achieve an elastic city
Conclusions and recommendations

14. Laws of Urban Dynamics according to David Rusk
Only elastic cities grow
Fragmentation divides; Unification unites
Ties do bind
Ghettos can only become bigger ghettos

15. Cities without suburbs=elastic cities
The central city should be able to grow and expand

17. Cities without suburbs=elastic cities
Racial integration occurs

18. Cities without suburbs=elastic cities
Income class integration occurs
City incomes are equal to or higher than suburban incomes

19. Cities without suburbs=elastic cities
Local public institutions are effective because they are unified

20. Outline Methodology – determining elasticity
Consequences of elasticity or lack thereof
Ways to achieve an elastic city
Conclusions and recommendations

21. Achieving an Elastic City - Metro Government
General purpose local government
All powers of municipality under state law
Exercise exclusive powers within its jurisdiction
Special purpose and general governments may still exist, but key planning and zoning must be done by the metro government
It should contain 60% of the area’s population and the region’s central city

22. Types of Metropolitan Governments
Empowerment of urban counties
Consolidation of cities and counties
Combining counties into regional governments

23. Strategies to Create Elasticity
Decrease revenue gaps
Decrease racial and economic segregation
Share revenue between rich and poor communities
Create affordable housing requirements and housing assistance programs
Promote economic development
Implement regional growth management policies

24. State Government Initiatives
Can create new local governments and merge old ones.
Governors and state legislatures act as metro-wide policymakers
Aid the local government and local school systems

25. Authorize Annexation
If a central city could annex, it could maintain unity of the local government.
Annexation will serve the larger public interest

26. Federal Government Initiatives
Provides incentives for metropolitan reorganization
Stops providing infrastructure grants in order to slow urban sprawl
Eliminate capital gains tax
Ends the traditional federal public housing program

27. Outline Methodology – determining elasticity
Consequences of elasticity or lack thereof
Ways to achieve an elastic city
Conclusions and recommendations

28. Recommendations
Local
State
Federal

29. Recommendations for local Government
“fair share” housing policies
Fair employment and fair housing policies
Housing assistance policies
Tax-sharing arrangements

30. Recommendations for state governments
Improve annexation laws
Enact laws to encourage city-county consolidation
Empower county governments to act as de facto metro governments
Require “fair share” metro housing laws
Establish metrowide tax sharing arrangements
Enact laws to curb urban sprawl

31. Recommendations for Federal Government
Focus federal research and evaluation on integration
Utilization of the U.S. Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations
Review of Federal Programs based to account for segregation
Initiate reforms of the federal public housing program
Enforce federal laws more vigorously
Determine whether economic segregation leads to racial segregation, violation of law?

32. The Key for Cities Without Suburbs
“…these twenty-three communities are becoming societies of greater social equity and economic mobility…have a lower level of racial segregation…have greater unity among their public institutions, their residents have better access to the entire region’s resources…” (82)