1. AP Government and Politics Unit 1 Exam Study Guide

2.  King George passing acts that added extra taxes on the colonists  He passed the intolerable acts, quartering acts, tea act, stamp act  The Boston Massacre What are some major events that led to the Declaration of Independence?

3.  A nation’s basic law  Creates political institutions  Sometimes divides powers among branches  May guarantee rights for citizens What is a constitution?

4. What was the Revolutionary War and the Declaration of Independence?

5. Who was John Locke?

6.  Introduced the concept of separation of powers which stated that to avoid tyranny power should be divided among 3 separate branches of government Who was Baron Montesquieu?

7.  Believed government was necessary because people in the state of nature were greedy and selfish  Established rule of law  Rule of law is one on the principles of our Constitution (no one is above the law) Who was Thomas Hobbes

8.  All men are created equal  People are born with rights  Government requires the consent of the governed  When a government becomes to big and abusive it is the right of the people to abolish it Ideas Presented in the Declaration of Independence

9. Differences/Similarities John Locke and Thomas Jefferson  John Locke  Natural rights-life, liberty, and property  Government exist to protect people’s natural rights  Consent of the governed  Limited govt.  Right to revolt  Thomas Jefferson  Unalienable rights- life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness  Govt exist to protect these rights  Consent of the governed  Limited govt  Right to revolt

10. What were the Articles of Confederation?  It was the first government of the United States and it created a very weak central government that could not tax  All the power belonged to the states  No executive branch  No leader  No federal court system  Congress could not tax

11.  A series of attacks on courthouses by a small band of farmers led by Daniel Shay to block foreclosure proceedings  Why is Shay’s Rebellion significant?  It made them realize how weak the Articles of Confederation were and needed to be revised What was Shay’s Rebellion

12.  Representation  Equality What issues arose at the Constitutional Convention?

13.  New Jersey Plan  One house legislature with equal representation  Favored by small states  Virginia Plan  Bicameral legislative with representation based on population  Favored by large states  Connecticut (Great) Compromise  Bicameral – senate-equal representation and House of Representatives- based on population What plans and compromises were introduced at the convention?

14.  Slavery will not be addressed  Southern states want their slaves counted  North says no because they are considered property  3/5 Compromise  Every 5 slaves will count as 5 free people Equality Compromises

15.  Writ of harbeas corpus- court order that requires officials to explain why they are holding a person in jail Individual Rights

16.  Limited majority control  Separation of powers  Checks and balances  Republic What is the Madisonian System?

17.  Limited majority control-don’t let one group have to much power  Separation of powers- power is to be divided among branches of government  Check and balances- power is balanced among all 3 branches, with the ability to check of each other  Federalism-division of power between the national and state government What are the principles of the Constitution?

18.  Federalists  Supported the constitution  Believed a strong national govt. was necessary  Anti-federalists  Opposed the Constitution  Believed a strong national govt. would lead to loss of states’ rights and individual liberties Who were the federalist and anti- federalist?

19.  85 essays that explained and defended each component of the constitution  Written by John Jay, Alexander Hamilton, and James Madison under the name Publius What were the Federalist Papers and who wrote them?

20.  Factions and the need for a republic  Factions are a natural occurrence, but can be controlled by institutions What was Federalist Paper #10 explain?

21.  A way of organizing a nation so that federal and state governments have formal authority over the same land and people  Shared power between levels of government  Federal  State  Local (county, city) What is federalism?

22. What is federal, Unitary, and Confederate type of government?  Unitary- all power belongs to the central govt.  Confederate- all power belongs to the state  Federal- power is shared between central (federal) and state govt.

23.  States that any powers not given to the federal government by the Constitution belong to the states  Increased states’ rights What is the Tenth Amendment?

24. Supremacy Clause

27. Devolution and Mandate

28. What is the Grant System?

29.  What is Full Faith and Credit?  Clause Article IV requires states to recognize the public acts, records, and court orders of all other states  What is Extradition?  A process in which a state surrenders a person charged with a crime to the state where the crime was committed  What is privileges and immunities?  Citizens receive the same privileges and immunities in all states  Police protection  Required to pay sales tax What are the state obligations to each other?

30.  Marbury v. Madison  Who will decide how to interpret the constitution?  Supreme Court acquires the power of judicial review  Judicial review is the power of the SCOTUS to determine if a law or executive order is unconstitutional Unit 1 Court Cases

31.  McCulloch v. Maryland  Is the bank of the U.S. constitutional?  the power to create a national bank was a "necessary and proper" power of Congress.  There is nothing in the Constitution about a national bank; however at the time the bank seemed “necessary”  Therefore, creating a national bank is an implied power of Congress.  National government is superior to the state government  Reaffirmed the supremacy clause

32. Gibbons v. Ogden  Does Congress have the power to regulate interstate commerce?  Ruled that if a state law regulating commerce interfere with federal law, the federal law was always supreme  Commerce power- federal government has the power to regulate interstate and international commerce/trade

33. Positives and Negatives on Federalism Encourages pluralism: Allows citizens multiple points of access and influence in government (local, state, national). Ensures separation of powers and prevents tyranny: Even if one person or group (faction) took control of all three branches of the federal government federalism ensures that state governments would still function independently (Federalist #10 and Federalist #51). Prevents creation of national policy: The United States often doesn’t have a single policy on issues; it often has 51 policies. (marijuana, gay marriage) Leads to a lack of accountability: The overlap of responsibilities makes it hard to assign blame or find the roots of failure in policies. Citizen Ignorance:

34. 1. The United States constitution’s ratification resulted from a political process that required compromise between the Federalist and Ant- federalist. Many of the debates in government today continue to reflect the concerns of each perspective. a. compare the positions of the Federalists and Anti-federalists regarding the power of the national government. b. Describe two features of the original Constitution that have led to a growth in the power of the national government. c. Explain how each of the following additions to the Constitution addressed Anti-federalists concerns. First Amendment Tenth Amendment d. Explain how one of the following clauses of the Fourteenth Amendments has altered the balance of power between the state and national government. Due Process Clause Equal Protection Clause Free Response Questions

35. 2. The framers of the United States Constitution created a federal system. a.Define federalism b.Select two of the following and explain how each has been used to increase the power of the federal government relative to the states. Categorical grants Federal mandates Selective incorporation c.Select one of the following and explain how each has been used to increase the power of the states relative to the federal government. Block Grants Tenth Amendment

36.  Study chapter 2 and 3 vocabulary words and essential questions