1. Introduction to maps

2. What is a map? A generalized view of an area, usually some portion of Earth’s surface, as seen from above at a greatly reduced size Any geographical image of the environment

3. Why make maps? To represent a larger area than we can see To show a phenomenon or process we can’t see with our eyes To present information concisely To show spatial relationships

4. Represent a larger area

5. Show what we can’t see

6. Present info concisely

7. Show spatial relationships

8. Map scale Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground Scale is a fraction

10. Large-scale Small-scale

11. Map scale Ratio of the distance on the map to the distance on the ground 1.Graphic:

12. Map scale 2.Verbal: 1 cm equals 10 km

13. Map scale 3.Representative fraction or ratio: 1:24,000

14. Map symbolization Symbols are a code instead of text Three kinds: point, line, area Consider shape, size, orientation, pattern, color, value

16. Indicate location Describe location

17. Show a distribution

18. Indicate a value

19. Line symbols One-dimensional Mostly taken for granted (borders, roads) Flow-line maps indicate value by width of line

21. Isolines (Contour lines)

22. Area symbols Each territory or region has one value

23. Differences in kind

25. Differences in value (Choropleth)

26. Cartogram

27. Topographic maps Also called quadrangles Nearly 54,000 for the U.S.

28. Topographic maps Till the 1940s, you climbed to the highest point and plotted what you could see from there Aerial photography after WWII

29. Topographic maps Show 2D features, point, line and area; also show 3D via contour lines Common symbols are in the appendix of the text Note the contour interval at the bottom of the map

32. So Where is (0,0)? The origin point (0,0) is where the equator intersects the prime meridian. (0,0) is off the western coast of Africa in the Atlantic Ocean.

33. Equator Latitude 0 o Latitude: (90 o N to 90 o S) Latitude 23½ o NorthTropic of Cancer Latitude 23½ o South Tropic of Capricorn Longitude 30 o East Longitude 60 o East Longitude 30 o West Longitude 60 o West Positioning on the Earth’s Surface East is the direction of rotation of the Earth North Pole South Pole 23½ o 66½ o 90 o 90 0 21 st June 22 nd December 22 nd Sept 20 th March 30 o E 60 o E90 o E 90 o W 30 o W 60 o W Longitude 90 o East Longitude 90 o West Prime Meridian 0 o Longitude Longitude: (180 o E to 180 o W) Latitude and Longitude together enable the fixing of position on the Earth’s surface.

34. Now you’re ready to find some locations on a map!