1. Sniper Localization System Marko Gasic Sandeep Brar Ehsan Dallalzadeh Balraj Mattu

2. Overview  Introduction  Vision  System Description  Test Results  Obstacles Encountered  Project Finances  Production Cost  Conclusion  Questions?

3. Introduction  Snipers are a serious threat in urban warfare environment.  Civilian threat in cases such as Washington DC sniper.  Snipers are very effective at harassing and impeding military operations.  AcousticShield Designs system enables identification of direction of origin of a sniper shot within seconds of the event.

4. System Overview

5. Vision  Existing Products Above $15,000 US Available only to elite military divisions and not standard equipment to regular units or police forces  Acoustic Shield System System cost around $2000 Low cost enables local police departments and regular military units to purchase system

6. System Description  Functional Breakdown Signal Acquisition Gunshot Recognition Delay Detection 3-D Triangulation Human-Machine Interface (H.M.I)  Principle of Operation Sound waves reach 4 speakers at different times Using these delays we can calculate the origin of sound

7. Sound Acquisition  PC Hardware M-Audio Delta 44 PCI audio card 4/4 mono analog input/output channels 24bit, 8kHz – 96kHz independent channel sampling Winsound interface drivers

8. Sound Acquisition  Microphones Electret Omni-directional condenser microphones. -45dB sensitivity 20Hz – 16kHz Frequency Response 60 dB S/N ratio

9. Sound Acquisition  Microphone Preamplifier Supplies minimum voltage required for microphone operation Amplifies signal to 500mV swing, compatible for PC soundcard input.

10. Sound Acquisition  Software Sample at 44kHz Continuously sample microphone inputs When sample exceeds 0.2V, record next 1.0 seconds and place in memory

11. Recognition Algorithm  Understanding the characteristic of a gun shot Time Domain Representation

12. Recognition Algorithm Frequency Domain Representation

13. Recognition Algorithm  Algorithm is based on comparison of average power between two bins: 228 Hz (±150 Hz) 1 kHz – 1.5 kHz Average Power 11 Bin1 average power Bin2 average power

14. Recognition Algorithm  Refinement after experimentation Needed to consider all 4 input at the same time Microphone Sound Wave Back Distortion in frequency spectrum is introduced

15. Recognition Algorithm  Simple Solution  Analyze all four microphones  Accuracy is demonstrated in Test Results section

16. Δt Extraction  4 similar signals, out of phase  Use Cross Correlation to determine phase difference Δt14Δt14 Δt13Δt13 Δt12Δt12

17. 3-D Triangulation  Extrapolate origin of sound using the 3 Δt’s and speed of sound as input  Use Gauss-Newton method to solve 4 non linear equations  Recover the X Y and Z coordinates of signal origin  Normalize vector to give azimuth and elevation angles

18.  Easy to Use/Navigate  Targeted towards Army Personnel  Displays Azimuth and Elevation  No installation Required User Interface

19. Testing  The testing was done in 2 phases: Testing for the detection in 2-D (X,Y) Testing for detection of the elevation  Procedure A: The system was setup The software was running Located the tripod at the center of a large circle Drew a 2-D coordinate system about the center of the tripod Marked the imaginary circle around the center of the tripod with points each about 30 degrees apart Ran the sound sample of the gunshot twice at each point

20. Testing Recorded the Average, Trigger, X and Y values Took a string from the sound source(speaker) to the center of the tripod Chose a point on the string and recorded its X and Y components. At the end, had pairs of vectors in 2-D Comparison Stage…… Wrote a C++ code to input each pair of vectors to calculate the angle between the actual vector and the result vector from the system in Degrees

21. Observations  On average, the angle difference was about 2.78 Degrees  The accuracy was almost the same for all the points in the surrounding

22. Testing cntd.  Procedure B (Elevation): The system was setup The software was running Located the tripod at the center of a large circle From points 90 Degrees apart, got samples At each point, tried 3 different elevations: 1) above the center plane 2) at the same plane 3) below the center plane Recorded the elevation that the program gave for each trial For each point, measured the elevation angle compared to the center of the tripod (+ if above the center, (-) if below the center)

23. Observations  On average, elevation difference was 3.15 Degrees  Functional Specifications stated maximum allowable error of 10 degrees

24. Obstacles Encountered  Initially used Texas Instruments DSP Insufficient inputs: unable to sample both stereo codecs simultaneously Insufficient resolution: TMSC320 C6711 main audio codec samples at only 11kHz, we need a minimum of 44kHz Extremely poor user interface and non-existent (yet advertised) compatibility with MATLAB

25. Obstacles Encountered  Initial Algorithm Divide sampled input into smaller intervals Analyze smaller intervals in frequency domain Power Spectrum of t 0 – t 1 Power Spectrum of t 2 – t 3 Input Signal

26. Obstacles Encounterd  Initial Algorithm Determine if it’s gun shot or not by comparing with known spectrum Known Spectrum Power Spectrum of t0 – t1 Positive Match

27. Obstacles Encountered  Algorithm was implemented in Matlab and Simulink Main Recognition BlockRecognition Subsystem 1

28. Obstacle Encountered  Problems  Unable to achieve desired speed  Didn’t do well when tried with real input (instead of a wave file)

29. Financial Aspects  Prototype Development Cost: TMSC320 Daughter Board $120.00 MATLAB RTW Documentation$ 35.00 Microphones and Pre-Amps$ 60.00 Miscellaneous Audio Cables$ 30.00 M-Audio Delta44$220.00 Other$ 25.00 TOTAL$490.00

30. Budget Estimate  Initial cost estimate $2260.00  Actual cost $490.00  Significantly lower cost due to change in platform  Savings with no loss in performance  We were able to borrow the tripod, saving ~$100

31. Manufacturing Costs  Assuming 50 units/month  Based on Digi-Key bulk pricing where available ITEMCOST Microphone$ 1.20 Pre-Amp$ 6.00 Tripod$ 80.00 M-Audio Card$ 130.00 Cables$ 20.00 PC$ 600.00 Total$ 837.20

32. Conclusion  Successfully Demonstrated Functional Concept  Demonstrated market value and ability to produce at reduced cost  Encountered problems and chose alternate solutions  Stayed within budget and timeline considerations

33. Thank You Questions?