1. An Overview of Green Technology Jihwa Lee Department of Chemical & Biological Technology Seoul National University WCU Seminar 2010. 5. 3

2. Outline of the Talk  Global Warming & Climate Change  Mandotory CO 2 Reduction  Hydrogen Economy  Green Technology Issues 1) Renewable Energies 2) CO 2 Capture & Storage  Summary

3. Global Warming The Global surface temperature increased 0.74 ± 0.18 °C in the 20th century. Climate model projections indicate that it is likely to rise a further 1.1~ 6.4 °C during the 21st century.

4. Global Warming Cause Increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases ( resulting from human activity such as fossil fuel burning and deforestation.

5. Greenhouse gases (GHG) CO 2 concentration in the atmosphere has remained at ~280 ppm. It increases rapidly to reach 383 ppm at 2007. The IPCC gives future CO 2 scenarios, ranging from 541 to 970 ppm by the year 2100 (an increase by 90-250% since 1750).

6. Climate Change

7. An increase in global temperature will cause Sea levels to rise Change in the amount and pattern of precipitation Expansion of subtropical deserts Retreat of glaciers, permafrost (permanently frozen land as in Siberia), and sea ice Extreme weather events Species extinctions Changes in agricultural yields Rife malarias

8. International measures Adopted (1997) and entered into force (2005) As of Nov. 2009, 187 states (except US) have signed and ratified the protocol. Mandatory CO 2 reduction: 5.2% reduction in emission from that in 1990 Target GHG: CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, CFC, HFC, SF 6 The details have to be negotiated Carbon emission trading A new business paradigm A government sets a limit or cap on the amount of a pollutant that can be emitted Companies are issued emission permits(credit): the right to emit The total amount of allowances and credits cannot exceed the cap. Companies that need to increase their emission allowance must buy credits from those who pollute less. Tokyo protocol Carbon emission trading

9. Energy consumption = CO 2 emission Any technology which directly or indirectly helps reduce the emission of GHG (CO 2 ), which typically includes  Renewable energy technology  CO 2 capture & storage Energy efficiency: new illumination technology (LED), smart grid system, building insulation, room heating etc.  Energy conservation  Environmental technology Most GT’s are costly! In many areas GT is not commercially available! Extensive R&D is needed! Green Technology

10. 1. Solar cell 1). Si SC 2). Inorganic thin film (CIGS) 3). Polymer SC 4). DSSC 2. Fuel Cell 1). PEMFC 2). DMFC 3). SOFC 3. Battery 1) Li secondary battery : HEV, PHEV, EV 2) Battery for energy storage 3) Supercapacito Renewable Energy Technology 4. Hydrogen energy 1) H 2 production: a) Electrolysis, photo-splitting of H 2 O, b) H 2 production: Reforming c) H 2 production: Nuclear power-based 2) H 2 storage a) Metal hydride b) Adsorption- based 5. Bioenergy 1) Cellulose-based 2) Algae-based 3) Biorefinery

11. 1. CO 2 Capture 1). Pre-combustion capture 2). Post-combustion capture a) Absorption, adsorption-based b) Polymer membrane-based 3) Oxy-fuel combustion 2. CO 2 Storage 1) Underground sequestration 2) Sea underground sequestration 3. CO 2 utilization 1) Chemical conversion 2) Photo-biological fixation 4. Green house gas monitoring technology CCS technology

12. Renewable Energy Tidal power plant

14. II. 태양전지 원리

15. 15/76 Examples of SC Panel Arrays

16. 16/76 16/40 3/8 Large PV Sites in Korea Tae-Ahn, 14 MW Completed 2008. 5 LG Solar Energy ShinAhn, 24 MW 2008. 11 completed DongYang Const./Suntechnics

18. 18/76 Photon International, March 2008 Annual Production Unit: MW Year Production (MW) Annual Growth Rate > 40%

19. Market Size in year 2010 - 6 GWp, $36 billion (CLSA, 2005. 7)  10 GWp (2006. 4)  15 GWp (2007. 4)  23.3 GWp (2007. 12) Photon Consulting, Spring 2008 Production Outlook 2012 Annual Growth Rate > 40% Production (GW) Year Photon International, March 2008

31. Next Generation Solar Cell  Thin Film Solar Cell  Polymer Solar Cell  Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell (DSSC)

41. Current Issues of Solar Cell Technology  Si SC is widely used but it is too expensive: ~ x10 of the cost of thermoelectric power generation  Development of low cost SC is a must for wide practical application.  Thin film SC: a-Si, CdTe, CIGS SC (Short-term)  DSSC (Intermediate-term)  Organic SC (Long-term)

43. Mid-term hydrogen economy http://www.investindk.com/db/filarkiv/631/Brint_aug2005.pdf

68. MOFs

69. Current Status of H 2 Energy Technology  The technology for H 2 production is already available. A new technology needed for low cost production is being investigated.  Current H 2 storage technology is well below the DOE-set target. Long-term fundamental research is needed.  Technology for H 2 utilization, mainly H 2 fuel cell, is commercially available but it is too costly. Further development to improve the cost and durability is required.