1. Independent diplomacy and defence of the new nation (1949-1955) I. International Contexts I. International Contexts II. new China identifying its diplomacy II. new China identifying its diplomacy III. The Korean war (1950-53) III. The Korean war (1950-53) IV. Five principles of peaceful co-existence IV. Five principles of peaceful co-existence

2. I. International Contexts Post-WWII contexts in world politics 1) the formation of a bipolar order the international system was shifting with traditional major powers falling down and new superpowers emerging. the international system was shifting with traditional major powers falling down and new superpowers emerging. 2) reconstruction of Europe International ( and U.S. strategic) focus was more on Europe. International ( and U.S. strategic) focus was more on Europe. 3) The movement of nationalism and decolonization More nations were seeking for political independence. More nations were seeking for political independence.

3. capitalist camp The Iron Curtain Speech (1946) The Truman Doctrine (1947) Creation of NATO ( 1949) Creation of ANZUS (1951-85) Socialist camp Communist Information Bureau (1947-56) The Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (1949-91) The Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship, Alliance, and Mutual Assistance (1950-80) Creation of Warsaw Pact (1955-91)

4. II. The PRC ’ s diplomatic policies and responses around the world 1 Three major policies made by the newly-established PRC : 1) policy of “ setting up a new stove ” set up diplomatic ties with the PRC while ending ties with the KMT government set up diplomatic ties with the PRC while ending ties with the KMT government take friendly attitudes to the PRC take friendly attitudes to the PRC diplomatic ties be based on principles of equality, mutual benefit, and respect territorial sovereignty diplomatic ties be based on principles of equality, mutual benefit, and respect territorial sovereignty establish diplomatic ties with the PRC through negotiation/talks establish diplomatic ties with the PRC through negotiation/talks

5. 2) policy of “ putting the house in order before inviting guests ” abolishing all pervious treaties/privileges of foreign nations in China since 1840 and putting an end of alien forces in China. abolishing all pervious treaties/privileges of foreign nations in China since 1840 and putting an end of alien forces in China. with the “ house is in order ”, the PRC established its diplomatic relations with those nations that recognized the legitimacy of the PRC. with the “ house is in order ”, the PRC established its diplomatic relations with those nations that recognized the legitimacy of the PRC.

6. 3) “ leaning towards one side ” policy (embracing the socialist camp) domestic debates over the possibility of the third road, that is, remaining neutral between the two superpowers domestic debates over the possibility of the third road, that is, remaining neutral between the two superpowers having little hopes to win U.S. recognition having little hopes to win U.S. recognition forming alliance with the Soviet Union (Mao ’ s visit to Moscow in December 1949) forming alliance with the Soviet Union (Mao ’ s visit to Moscow in December 1949)

7. Three diplomatic policies put forwarded by Mao Zedong Three major diplomatic policies “ setting up a new stove ” “ putting the house in order before inviting guests ” “ leaning towards one side ”

8. Other diplomatic policies The Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference ( September 29, 1949) The Common Program of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference ( September 29, 1949) Principles Principles 1 protecting the independence, freedom, integrity of territory and sovereignty of the country 2 upholding international peace 3 opposing to the imperialist policy of aggression and war

9. Concrete policies Concrete policies 1 establish diplomatic relations through negotiations 2 examine all the treaties concluded between the KMT and foreign governments 3 develop commercial relations with foreign governments 4 protect Chinese residing abroad and law-abiding foreign nationals in China

10. 2. International responses to the newly established PRC: recognition from socialist countries and some capitalist countries recognition from socialist countries and some capitalist countries non-recognition from capitalist countries non-recognition from capitalist countries riding the fence attitudes riding the fence attitudes

11. II. The Korean war ( 1950-53) 1. Historical background a colonized Korea ( 1910-45) a colonized Korea ( 1910-45) the 38 parallel line drawn the 38 parallel line drawn a divided Korean Peninsula a divided Korean Peninsula a) Republic of Korea ( 15 August, 1948) b) Democratic People ’ s Republic Korea (9 Sept., 1948)

12. The Korea war breaking out (1950-6- 25) UN army landing Incheon (1950-9-15) UN army crossing 38 th parallel Chinese peoples’ volunteers crossing the Yalu River (1950-10-19) Signing of the Korean armistice agreement (1953-7-27)

13. 2. The PRC and the Korean War 1) the nature of the war 2) the product of the rivalries between two superpowers and between the two Koreas US decision to send the 7 th Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, linking Korean war and China ( the Truman ’ s statement, June 27, 1950); the Truman administration stated that lost of Taiwan posts threat to US security and interest in East Asia US decision to send the 7 th Fleet to the Taiwan Strait, linking Korean war and China ( the Truman ’ s statement, June 27, 1950); the Truman administration stated that lost of Taiwan posts threat to US security and interest in East Asia China’s national security was threatened as Taiwan is part of China ( the Cairo Declaration) China’s national security was threatened as Taiwan is part of China ( the Cairo Declaration)

14. 2) the PRC ’ s Policy choices to involve the war by sending military troops directly to involve the war by sending military troops directly to involve the war by sending voluntary troops to involve the war by sending voluntary troops to support North Korea but sending no troops to support North Korea but sending no troops declaring neutrality declaring neutrality to ask for international mediation to guarantee the regional security to ask for international mediation to guarantee the regional security

15. 3) Formation of the policy the PRC decided to form its policy from among the first three choices. the PRC decided to form its policy from among the first three choices. the PRC urged US troops not to go across the 38 th parallel. If they do, China will not remain idle. the PRC urged US troops not to go across the 38 th parallel. If they do, China will not remain idle. the PRC provided military aid to North Korea in the form of voluntary armies if the situation require it. the PRC provided military aid to North Korea in the form of voluntary armies if the situation require it. 4) implementation of the policy the PRC officially sent its voluntary armies to Korea in October 19, 1950. the PRC officially sent its voluntary armies to Korea in October 19, 1950.

16. 5) Evaluation of the policy the policy achieved its goal of securing China ’ s territory the policy achieved its goal of securing China ’ s territory the PRC improved its international position the PRC improved its international position The PRC ’ s diplomacy is recognized through the negotiation tables. The PRC ’ s diplomacy is recognized through the negotiation tables.

17. Five principles of peaceful co-existence 1953-12-31: Chinese premier Zhou put forwarded them in meeting an Indian delegation. 1954-6-28: they are called for in China-Indian joint statement 1954-6-29 : they are called for in China-Burmese joint statement 1955-4-24: they are reaffirmed at Bundung Conference 1956-10-1: China reiterates them in the incidents taking place in Poland and Hungary 1974-4: they are reaffirmed by the 6 th UN special conference