1. Blood and Lymphatic System BY : Grace Moreno and Kelsey Bunch

5. Blood  The Function: to transport respiratory gases, chemical substances, and cells that act to protect the body from foreign substances  Formed Elements  Components that make up the blood  Erythrocytes(red blood cell): transport oxygen and carbon dioxide  Thrombocytes(platelet): clots the blood  Leukocytes(white blood cells): defends against pathogens  The Function: to transport respiratory gases, chemical substances, and cells that act to protect the body from foreign substances  Formed Elements  Components that make up the blood  Erythrocytes(red blood cell): transport oxygen and carbon dioxide  Thrombocytes(platelet): clots the blood  Leukocytes(white blood cells): defends against pathogens

6. Formed Elements

7. The Blood Groups  the differences in human blood is because the presence or absence of antibodies and antigens  A: 41% of the population  B: 10% of the population  AB: 4% of the population  O: 45% of the population  the differences in human blood is because the presence or absence of antibodies and antigens  A: 41% of the population  B: 10% of the population  AB: 4% of the population  O: 45% of the population

8. Rh Factor  Determines whether the Blood is positive or negative  85% of the population has the RH factor which makes them positive  15% of the population does not have the RH Factor which makes them negative  Determines whether the Blood is positive or negative  85% of the population has the RH factor which makes them positive  15% of the population does not have the RH Factor which makes them negative

9. Plasma  Fluid part of the blood  circulation medium of blood cells, provides nutrients  removes metabolic waste products  Fluid part of the blood  circulation medium of blood cells, provides nutrients  removes metabolic waste products

10. Lymphatic System  Is a vessel system connected to the circulatory system  Returns fluids from tissue spaces to the bloodstream  Structures: lymphatic capillaries, vessels, ducts, and nodes  Is a vessel system connected to the circulatory system  Returns fluids from tissue spaces to the bloodstream  Structures: lymphatic capillaries, vessels, ducts, and nodes

11. Functions of the Lymphatic System  Transports proteins and fluids, lost by capillary seepage, back into the bloodstream  Protects the body against pathogens by phagocytosis and immune response  Serves as the pathway for the absorption of fats from the small intestines into the bloodstream  Transports proteins and fluids, lost by capillary seepage, back into the bloodstream  Protects the body against pathogens by phagocytosis and immune response  Serves as the pathway for the absorption of fats from the small intestines into the bloodstream

12. Lymph  Clear, colorless, alkaline fluid  95% water  Made up protein and plasma  Clear, colorless, alkaline fluid  95% water  Made up protein and plasma

13. How does this System Work With Other Systems ?  Works closely with the Immune System and Circulatory System  Both the Immune and Lymphatic Systems contain elements to fight off pathogens and antigens to protect the body  Works closely with the Immune System and Circulatory System  Both the Immune and Lymphatic Systems contain elements to fight off pathogens and antigens to protect the body

14. Accessory Organs  Spleen: soft, dark red, oval body in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, reservoir for blood  Tonsils: lymphoid masses, located in the face and pharynx, filter bacteria and help make white blood cells  Thymus: located in mediastinal cavity, forms antibodies, develops the immune response in newborn, makes T- Cells  Spleen: soft, dark red, oval body in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, reservoir for blood  Tonsils: lymphoid masses, located in the face and pharynx, filter bacteria and help make white blood cells  Thymus: located in mediastinal cavity, forms antibodies, develops the immune response in newborn, makes T- Cells

15. Immune System  Consist of tissues, organs, and physiologic processes  Identifies abnormal cells, foreign substances, and foreign tissue cells that may have been transplanted into the body  Consist of tissues, organs, and physiologic processes  Identifies abnormal cells, foreign substances, and foreign tissue cells that may have been transplanted into the body

16. Immune Response  Reaction of the body to foreign substances  Can be described as humoral immunity or antibody-mediated immunity and cellular immunity or cell- mediated immunity  Reaction of the body to foreign substances  Can be described as humoral immunity or antibody-mediated immunity and cellular immunity or cell- mediated immunity

17. Humoral Immunity  Involves the production of plasma lymphocytes (B Cells) in response to antigen exposure and formation of antibodies  Major defense against bacterial infections  Involves the production of plasma lymphocytes (B Cells) in response to antigen exposure and formation of antibodies  Major defense against bacterial infections

18. Antigen  Substance such as bacteria, toxins, or certain allergens that induces the formation of antibodies

19. Antibody  Protein substances that are developed in response to a specific antigen  Also referred to as an immunoglobulin  Complex glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes  Neutralize or destroy antigens  Protein substances that are developed in response to a specific antigen  Also referred to as an immunoglobulin  Complex glycoprotein produced by B lymphocytes  Neutralize or destroy antigens

20. Cellular immunity or Cell-mediated immunity  Involves the production of lymphocytes (T cells)  Responds to injury and natural killer cells that attack other foreign/infected cells  Major defense against infections caused by viruses, fungi, and a few bacteria  Involves the production of lymphocytes (T cells)  Responds to injury and natural killer cells that attack other foreign/infected cells  Major defense against infections caused by viruses, fungi, and a few bacteria

21. Four Phases of Immune Response  1. Recognizes the foreign substance or the invader (enemy)  2. Body’s defenses are activated: body produces more white blood cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells  3. The attack phase where the preceding defenders of the body produce antibodies and seek out/kill foreign invader (phagocytosis)  4. Slowdown phase, number of defenders returns to normal  1. Recognizes the foreign substance or the invader (enemy)  2. Body’s defenses are activated: body produces more white blood cells such as macrophages, lymphocytes, B cells, and T cells  3. The attack phase where the preceding defenders of the body produce antibodies and seek out/kill foreign invader (phagocytosis)  4. Slowdown phase, number of defenders returns to normal

22. T and B cells  T Cell of the Helper type: identify the enemy and rush to the spleen and lymph nodes to make more cells to fight off the foreign substance  T Cell of the Natural Killer (NK) Type: large granular lymphocytes that specialize in killing/fighting infected cells  B Cell: reside in the spleen or lymph nodes and produce antibodies for specific antigens  T Cell of the Helper type: identify the enemy and rush to the spleen and lymph nodes to make more cells to fight off the foreign substance  T Cell of the Natural Killer (NK) Type: large granular lymphocytes that specialize in killing/fighting infected cells  B Cell: reside in the spleen or lymph nodes and produce antibodies for specific antigens

24. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (Aids)  Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)  Final stage of HIV disease  Low T-Cell count  Symptoms can include headache, chronic cough, diarrhea, swollen glands, lack of energy etc.  Anyone can get HIV and Aids regardless of age  Treatment with antiviral therapy  Caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)  Final stage of HIV disease  Low T-Cell count  Symptoms can include headache, chronic cough, diarrhea, swollen glands, lack of energy etc.  Anyone can get HIV and Aids regardless of age  Treatment with antiviral therapy

25. Allergic Rhinitis  Collection of symptoms that typically occur in the nose and eyes  Typically occurs after exposure to airborne particles of dust, dander, or pollen  Commonly known as hay fever  Allergy testing can reveal specific allergens that a person is reacting to  Goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation  Treatment includes allergy shots  Collection of symptoms that typically occur in the nose and eyes  Typically occurs after exposure to airborne particles of dust, dander, or pollen  Commonly known as hay fever  Allergy testing can reveal specific allergens that a person is reacting to  Goal of treatment is to reduce inflammation  Treatment includes allergy shots

26. Allergic Rhinitis

27. Anaphylaxis  Sudden type of allergic reaction (within seconds or minutes) which affects the whole body  Response to a substance that a person has become very sensitive to  During reaction the body releases histamine and other substances  Symptoms include inflammation, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock  Can occur in response to any allergen  Requires immediate treatment  Treatment includes CPR and Epi Pens  Sudden type of allergic reaction (within seconds or minutes) which affects the whole body  Response to a substance that a person has become very sensitive to  During reaction the body releases histamine and other substances  Symptoms include inflammation, difficulty breathing, abdominal pain, cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and shock  Can occur in response to any allergen  Requires immediate treatment  Treatment includes CPR and Epi Pens

28. Anemia  Reduction in the number of circulating blood cells such as hemoglobin and red blood cells  Symptoms are due to tissue hypoxia or lack of oxygen  Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, dizziness, headaches etc.  One type is Iron deficiency anemia which causes hemorrhaging  Hemorrhaging is the loss of blood  Treatment according to the type of anemia can include supplemental iron, B12 injections, folic acid supplementation, blood transfusions etc.  Reduction in the number of circulating blood cells such as hemoglobin and red blood cells  Symptoms are due to tissue hypoxia or lack of oxygen  Symptoms include pallor, fatigue, dizziness, headaches etc.  One type is Iron deficiency anemia which causes hemorrhaging  Hemorrhaging is the loss of blood  Treatment according to the type of anemia can include supplemental iron, B12 injections, folic acid supplementation, blood transfusions etc.

29. Anemia o Healthy blood Cells o Iron deficient anemia blood cells

30. Leukemia  Any group of diseases of the blood involving uncontrolled increase of white blood cells  Common types include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)  CLL is a cancer of white blood cells characterized by a slow increase of white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow  CLL occurs in about 2 per 100,000 people  ALL is a cancer of the lymph cells characterized by large numbers of white blood cells  ALL causes blood cell to loose its ability to mature and specialize  ALL is responsible 80% of child leukemia, 20% of adult leukemia  Any group of diseases of the blood involving uncontrolled increase of white blood cells  Common types include chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)  CLL is a cancer of white blood cells characterized by a slow increase of white blood cells in the blood and bone marrow  CLL occurs in about 2 per 100,000 people  ALL is a cancer of the lymph cells characterized by large numbers of white blood cells  ALL causes blood cell to loose its ability to mature and specialize  ALL is responsible 80% of child leukemia, 20% of adult leukemia

31. What Leukemia Looks Like in the Bloodstream

32. Bibliography  www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg  img.tfd.com/mgh/ceb/thumb/Structural-formula-for-x3b1-D-glucose.jpg  sr.photos1.fotosearch.com/bthumb/CSP/CSP713/k7130940.jpg  static.ddmcdn.com/gif/blood-cells.jpg  upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Blood_clot_diagram.png  upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Leukemia_(aml).jpg  www.dynamicwellnesssolutions.org/images/lymphatic_system-dynamic_wellness_solutions.gif www.dynamicwellnesssolutions.org/images/lymphatic_system-dynamic_wellness_solutions.gif  www.healthcentral.com/common/images/1/19316_9928_5.jpg www.healthcentral.com/common/images/1/19316_9928_5.jpg  www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg  www.asdk12.org/staff/johansen_annette/pages/webPics/wnlRBC.jpg www.asdk12.org/staff/johansen_annette/pages/webPics/wnlRBC.jpg  Tim Taylor,. N.p.. Web. 25 Jan 2014..Rice, Jane. Medical Terminology A Word-Building Approach. 6th edition. Prentice Hall, Print.  upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Illu_lymph_node_structure.png/350px- Illu_lymph_node_structure.png  www.knowyourbody.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Right-lymphatic-duct-Image.jpg  www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg  img.tfd.com/mgh/ceb/thumb/Structural-formula-for-x3b1-D-glucose.jpg  sr.photos1.fotosearch.com/bthumb/CSP/CSP713/k7130940.jpg  static.ddmcdn.com/gif/blood-cells.jpg  upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Blood_clot_diagram.png  upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Leukemia_(aml).jpg  www.dynamicwellnesssolutions.org/images/lymphatic_system-dynamic_wellness_solutions.gif www.dynamicwellnesssolutions.org/images/lymphatic_system-dynamic_wellness_solutions.gif  www.healthcentral.com/common/images/1/19316_9928_5.jpg www.healthcentral.com/common/images/1/19316_9928_5.jpg  www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg www.webpathology.com/slides/slides/Spleen_MantleCellLymphoma2.jpg  www.asdk12.org/staff/johansen_annette/pages/webPics/wnlRBC.jpg www.asdk12.org/staff/johansen_annette/pages/webPics/wnlRBC.jpg  Tim Taylor,. N.p.. Web. 25 Jan 2014..Rice, Jane. Medical Terminology A Word-Building Approach. 6th edition. Prentice Hall, Print.  upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Illu_lymph_node_structure.png/350px- Illu_lymph_node_structure.png  www.knowyourbody.net/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Right-lymphatic-duct-Image.jpg

33. http://education- portal.com/academy/les son/functions-of-the- lymphatic- system.html#lesson http://education- portal.com/academy/les son/functions-of-the- lymphatic- system.html#lesson