1. Environmental Factors influenced people’s choices of where to settle water, topography, vegetation

2. How did water affect people’s choices of where to settle? Read the Water section on page 72. List ways water influenced early human settlement. drinking bathing (prevent disease) washing (prevent disease) food (fish, birds, animals) irrigation transportation trade drinking

3. Read the Topography section on page 72. What is topography? List ways topography influenced early human settlement. farmers = flat, plains, valleys, space, rich soil on coastal plains and river valleys Mountains = hard to cross, farming difficult Deserts = hot, dry, little water, sandstorms How did topography affect people’s choices of where to settle?

4. Read the Vegetation section on page 73. What is vegetation? List ways vegetation influenced early human settlement. plants food products - baskets, tools, medicine, rope, paper (papyrus) shade How did vegetation affect people’s choices of where to settle?

5. How did these environmental factors influence settlements of Egypt & Kush? Read pages 74-75.

6. The Nile River the world’s longest river = 4,000 miles go from Atlanta, GA to San Francisco, CA and back again flows from south (central Africa) to the north (Mediterranean Sea) in east Africa creates a long, fertile valley

7. begins as two separate rivers Where these two rivers meet, there are narrow cliffs and boulders that cause cataracts Though the nile is 4,000 miles long, only it’s last 650 miles are usable by ships because of these cataracts

8. Shortly before the Nile reaches the Mediterranean Sea, it divides into different branches. These branches fan out over an area of fertile soil called a delta On both sides of the Nile and its delta, the land is mostly desert. From the Nile to the Red Sea = Eastern/Nubian Desert From the Nile west = Western/Libyan Desert, which is part of the Sahara Desert (the world’s largest desert)

9. protection cataracts delta marshes Water irrigation bowl-shaped holes to trap the flood water, then canals to carry the water to far away fields shadoof farming flooding silt

10. hot & dry, so most people avoided these areas Why might Egyptians & Kushites have settled there? desert and their heat kept outside armies away from Egypt’s territory Topography