1. The Enlightenment and the French Revolution World History 2 nd Semester begins TODAY!! Warm Up: Define the following – 1. bourgeoisie 2. deficit spending

2. bourgeoisie In French society – the middle class deficit spending situation in which a government spends more money than it takes in

3. Summary of French Revolution Toward the end of the 1700s, the reign of France’s monarchs came to a violent end. Several forces— Enlightenment ideas, terrible economic conditions, and a bourgeoisie anxious for more power— combined to spark a momentous revolution in 1789 that swept out the old regime and ushered in a new government. However, the revolutionaries soon battled each other, and terror gripped France for several years. Into this chaos stepped a French army officer, Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon seized control of the country and then built an empire that dominated much of western Europe. The other European powers eventually defeated Napoleon and convened the Congress of Vienna in 1814. There, they reestablished order and balance among the nations of Europe.

4. French Estates in the Old Regime First Estate – Catholic clergy: priests, nuns and church leaders. Less than 1% of the population. Owned 10 % of the land. 2% of their income went to the Gov’t. Second Estate – Nobility. 1.5 % of the population. Owned 20% of the land and controlled over half of the labor force. Paid almost NO TAXES

5. French Estates in the Old Regime 2 Third Estate – Diverse group of French citizens. 98% of population. Divided into three groups. Owned 70% of the wealth  bourgeoisie – wealthy middle class. Bankers, merchants, manufactures, lawyers, doctors, etc.  city dwelling laborers, artisans and servants  peasants – 90% of the population. Rural workers and farmers.

6. Three Estates – page 469 Which estate is represented by the man under the stone? What is the picture saying about this estate?

7. Louis XIV – The Sun King “l‘etat, c’est moi” I am the state Built France into one of the most powerful nations in Europe Disbanded Estates General Spent vast amounts of money on arts Created extensive military Built Versailles Left France deeply in debt 1643-1715

8. Louis XV: 1715-1774 Continued deficit spending Taxed the third estate unmercifully Pursued pleasure before the business of the state When warned that France was in serious danger of collapse, he replied, “For now, all is well. After me, the deluge.”

9. Louis XVI – The Last King Inherited a huge economic crisis Starvation was very real in the cities France deeply in debt Called Estates General to try to raise funds by enticing bourgeoisie to raise taxes on themselves. Third Estate objected to unfair conditions and demanded reform 1774-1793

10. Versailles

11. Marie Antoinette Nicknamed “Madam Deficit” Daughter of Marie Teresa of Austria Had little understanding of the conditions of the lower classes Confused by march on women on Versailles. When told that the masses had no bread, she is said to have declared, “Let them eat cake!”

12. Royal Family at Home in Versailles

13. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Suggested Voting Pattern: Voting by Estates 1 1 1 Louis XIV insisted that the ancient distinction of the three orders be conserved in its entirety.

14. Commoners 3rd Estate Aristocracy 2nd Estate Clergy 1st Estate The Number of Representatives in the Estates General: Vote by Head! 300 648

15. Emmanuel Joseph Sieyes 1 st What is the Third Estate? Everything! 2 nd What has it been heretofore in the political order? Nothing! 3 rd What does it demand? To become something therein! Abbé Sieyès 1748-1836

16. “The Tennis Court Oath” by Jacques Louis David June 20, 1789

17. The “Liberty Cap”: Bonne Rouge

18. The Tricolor (1789) The WHITE of the Bourbons + the RED & BLUE of Paris.

19. The Revolution Begins - 1789 Estates General meets May, 1789 Voting rules unfair to Third Estate Declared themselves the National Assembly Invited delegates from other two estates to help write a new constitution, much like the one completed in America Locked out of Versailles Meet on tennis court Pledged “Tennis Court Oath” – not to disband until a new constitution had been written. King gathers troops in Paris and on July 14, 1789 a Paris mob storms the Bastille. The Revolution begins

20. Other Situations 6,000 women riot in the streets of Paris Not enough food to feed their children

21. Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen A new “declaration of independence” created Modeled after American Declaration “All men were born free and equal in rights.” Freedom of religion Taxed according to ability to pay “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” A new constitution created. Royal family attempts to flee to Austria. Captured and imprisoned in Paris.

22. The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen August 26, 1789 VLiberty! VProperty! VResistance to oppression! VThomas Jefferson was in Paris at this time.

23. Olympe de Gouges (1745- 1793) Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Citizen (1791) VWomen played a vital role in the Revolution. VBut, The Declaration of the Rights of Man did NOT extend the rights and protections of citizenship to women.

24. Causes of the French Revolution Enlightenment ideas—liberty and equality  Example furnished by the American Revolution  Social and economic injustices of the Old Regime Long Term Causes:  Economic crisis—famine and government debt  Weak leadership  Discontent of the Third Estate Immediate Causes: REVOLUTION  Fall of the Bastille  National Assembly  Declaration of the Rights of Man and a new constitution

25. Attitudes & actions of monarchy & court Fear of Counter- Revolution Religious divisions Political divisions War Economi c Crises The Causes of Instability in France 1792 - 1795

26. Robespierre Leader of the Revolution Become dictator of France Institutes Reign of Terror Enemies of the Committee of Public Safetey sent to the guillotine Robespierre is himself eventually beheaded as well

27. Committee for Public Safety  Revolutionary Tribunals.  300,000 arrested.  16,000 – 50,000 executed.

28. Louis XVI “Accepts” the Constitution & the National Assembly. 1791

29. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government VThe king got the “suspensive” veto [which prevented the passage of laws for 4 years].  He could not pass laws.  His ministers were responsible for their own actions. VA permanent, elected, single chamber National Assembly.  Had the power to grant taxation. VAn independent judiciary.

30. The French Constitution of 1791: A Bourgeois Government V“Active” Citizen [who pays taxes amounting to 3 days labor] could vote vs. “Passive” Citizen.  1/3 of adult males were denied the franchise.  Domestic servants were also excluded. VA newly elected LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY. GOAL  Make sure that the country was not turned over to the mob!

31. National Assembly First act-take clergy lands and resell them for profit Creates Legislative Assembly- group that approves laws and makes war Split into 3 groups- –1.Radicals(Jacobins and Sans- Culottes) – left side of the room –2. Moderates – sat in middle of room –3. Conservatives(Emigres)- right side of the room

32. Legislation Passed by the National Convention 1.Law of General Maximum  September 5, 1793.  Limited prices of grain & other essentials to 1/3 above the 1790 prices & wages to ½ of 1790 figures.  Prices would be strictly enforced.  Hoarders rooted out and punished.  Food supplies would be secured by the army! 2.Law of Suspects eSeptember 17, 1793. eThis law was so widely drawn that almost anyone not expressing enthusiastic support for the republic could be placed under arrest!

33. Religious Terror: De-Christianization (1793-1794)  The Catholic Church was linked with real or potential counter-revolution.  Religion was associated with the Ancien Régime and superstitious practices.  Very popular among the sans-culottes.  Therefore, religion had no place in a rational, secular republic!

34. The De-Christianization Program 1.The adoption of a new Republican Calendar: eabolished Sundays & religious holidays. emonths named after seasonal features. e7-day weeks replaced by 10-day decades. ethe yearly calendar was dated from the creation of the Republic [Sept. 22, 1792] The Convention symbolically divorced the state from the Church!!

35. The New Republican Calendar Vendemaire(Vintage) 22 September-21 October Brumaire(Fog) 22 October-20 November Frimaire(Frost) 21 November-20 December Nivose(Snow) 21 December-19 January Pluviose(Rain) 20 January-18 February Ventose(Wind) 19 February-20 March Germinal(Budding)21 March-19 April Floreal(Flowers)20 April-19 May Prairial(Meadows)20 May-18 June Messidor(Harvest)19 June-18 July Thermidor(Heat)19 July-17 August Fructidor(Fruit) 18 August-21 September New NameMeaningTime Period VendemaireVintageSeptember 22 – October 21 BrumaireFogOctober 22 – November 20 FrimaireFrostNovember 21 – December 20 NivoseSnowDecember 21 – January 19 PluvioseRainJanuary 20 – February 18 VentoseWindFebruary 19 – March 20 GerminalBuddingMarch 21 – April 19 FlorealFlowersApril 20 – May 19 PrairialMeadowMay 20 – June 18 MessidorHarvestJune 19 – July 18 ThermidorHeatJuly 19 – August 17 FructidorFruitAugust 18 – September 21

36. The De-Christianization Program 2.The public exercise of religion was banned. 3.The Paris Commune supported the: edestruction of religious & royal statues. eban on clerical dress. eencouragement of the clergy to give up their vocations. 4.The Cathedral of Notre Dame in Paris was turned into the “Temple of Reason.” 5.The deportation of priests denounced by six citizens.

37. The Radical’s Arms: No God! No Religion! No King! No Constitution!

38. Different Social Classes Executed 28% 31% 25% 8% 7%

39. The “Monster” Guillotine The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939! The last guillotine execution in France was in 1939!

40. Louis XVI as a Pig c For the Montagnards, the king was a traitor. c The Girondins felt that the Revolution had gone far enough and didn’t want to execute the king [maybe exile him].

41. Louis XVI is Guillotined

42. Louis XVI’s Head (January 21, 1793) c The trial of the king was hastened by the discovery in a secret cupboard in the Tuilieres of a cache of documents. c They proved conclusively Louis’ knowledge and encouragement of foreign intervention. c The National Convention voted 387 to 334 to execute the monarchs.

43. Marie Antoinette as a Serpent The “Widow Capet”

44. Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine Marie Antoinette on the Way to the Guillotine

45. Marie Antoinette Died in October, 1793

46. The “Thermidorean Reaction,” 1794 PJuly 26  Robespierre gives a speech illustrating new plots & conspiracies.  he alienated members of the CPS & CGS.  many felt threatened by his implications. PJuly 27  the Convention arrests Robespierre. PJuly 28  Robespierre is tried & guillotined!

47. The Arrest of Robespierre

48. Robespierre at the Guillotine -July 28 th 1794 -Marks the end of the “Reign of Terror”

49. End of the Old Regime Execution of monarchs War with the First Coalition Reign of Terror Rise of Napoleon Immediate Effects Conservative reaction Decline in French power Spread of Enlightenment ideas Growth of nationalism Rise of international organizations (Congress of Vienna) Revolutions in Latin America Long-Term Effects Revolution Fall of the Bastille National Assembly Declaration of the Rights of Man and a new constitution The French Revolution and Napoleon

50. Napoleon Becomes Emperor of France

51. August 1788 Louis XVI announced meeting of the Estates-General to be held in May 1789 May 5, 1789 Estates-General convenes June 17, 1789 Third Estate declares itself the National Assembly June 20, 1789 Oath of the Tennis Court July 14, 1789 Storming of the Bastille July 20, 1789 Revolt of the peasantry begins August 26, 1789 Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen issued October 5, 1789 Parisian women march to Versailles and forces Louis XVI to return to Paris February 1790 Monasteries and convents dissolved TIMELINE OF EVENTS IN THE FRENCH REVOLUTION

52. July 1790 Civil Constitution of the Clergy issued June 1791 Louis XVI and family attempt to flee Paris, but are captured and returned April 1792 France declares war on Austria August 10, 1792 Storming of the Tuileries January 1793 Louis XVI executed July 1793 Maximilien Robespierre assumes leadership of the Committee of Public Safety 1793-1794 Reign of Terror 1794 Robespierre is guillotined 1794-1799 Thermidorian Reaction 1799 Napoleon Bonaparte overthrows the Directory and seizes power TIMELINE CONT’D