1. Kagan, Ch. 27 RISE AND SPREAD OF FASCISM: HITLER’S GERMANY

2. WEIMAR GERMANY The Constitution, while refreshingly Liberal, was also fundamentally flawed, as it allowed small parties to gain seats easily The president was permitted to rule by decree in an emergency, permitting presidential dictatorship The republic also lacked broad popular support It was viewed as the government that had saddled Germany with the humiliation of the Versailles treaty In the early 20s there were a number of violent uprisings, but they failed There was massive inflation, due to the reparations imposed by the allies The invasion of the Ruhr caused the German people to resent the Weimar government even more Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

3. HITLER: THE EARLY YEARS Adolf Hitler: raised on anti-Semitism, racism Jews = “a race and not a religious community” Anti-Semitism: “its final aim…must be the uncompromising removal of the Jews altogether.” (1919) By 1921 controlled German Workers’ Party – master of propaganda Renamed National Socialist German Workers’ Party (NSDAP = Nazi): Twenty-Five Points (see next slide) SA (Sturmabteilung = Storm Troops) 8 Nov. 1923 – Beer Hall Putsch – 5 yrs. imprisonment Mein Kampf – manifesto on what actions to take Führerprinzip and Lebensraum

4. TWENTY-FIVE POINTSTWENTY-FIVE POINTS (AS STATED IN OUR TEXTBOOK) 1.Repudiation of Versailles Treaty 2.Unification of Austria and Germany 3.Exclusion of Jews from German citizenship 4.Agrarian reform 5.Prohibition of land speculation 6.Confiscation of war profits 7.State administration of giant cartels 8.Replacement of department stores with small retail shops 9.Nationalization of industry in an attempt to compete directly w/ socialist/Marxist political groups

6. WEIMAR GERMANY(CONT.) The Stresemann Years In order to repair inflation, Chancellor Gustav Stresemann introduced a new German currency He also agreed to Dawes Plan, a new system of reparation payments in 1924, which helped to lower inflation In 1925, right after the French left the Ruhr, Field Marshal Paul von Hindenburg became president Locarno The 1925 Locarno Agreements helped to integrate Germany back into the European system However, its conciliatory outlook continued to alienate the German nationalist public Kellogg Briand Pact, 1928 Young Plan, 1929 – ultimately US defaults on its loans Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

7. HITLER COMES TO POWER 1924-29: Building Nazism – vs. Bolshevism Attracted young leaders 1925-27 draw workers votes from socialism/communism 1928 won only 12 seats in Reichstag By 1929 turns toward middle classes 1930: Chancellor Brüning using emergency decrees by Hindenburg to rule Nazis 2 nd largest party in Reichstag = 107 seats 1932: Hitler runs against Hindenburg for president and loses – “make way, you old ones” 6 mill. Unemployed, Great Depression hits Germany hard

9. HEIL HITLER! 1933, Hitler named as Chancellor by coalition!!!! Hermann Goering – Minister of Interior/Head of Police Reichstag Fire, 27 February 1933 - Blamed on communists – Enacted Article 48 of constitutionReichstag Fire, 27 February 1933 Nazis win 288 seats in March election Enabling Act : dictatorial power to Hitler - 4 years --- smash opposition---control ALL April 1933 – German states’ power ended Gleichschaltung – coordination of all institutions under Nazi control Jews dismissed from civil service Concentration camps established for all opponents of regime May 1933 – no independent labor unions, political parties, 2-day boycott of Jewish businesses June 1934 – purge of top National Army by Nazi SA August 1934 – office of president abolished; Hitler voted “Führer of the German Reich and People”

11. TERROR AND COERCION SS (Schutzstafel) Lead by Heinrich Himmler started out as personal bodyguards – ended as special security units Controlled regular and secret police Concentration camps, execution squads, death camps

12. WHO IS A JEW? NUREMBERG LAWS, 1935 ARTICLE 5 (1) A Jew is an individual who is descended from at least three grandparents who were, racially, full Jews... (2) A Jew is also an individual who is descended from two full-Jewish grandparents if: (a) he was a member of the Jewish religious community when this law was issued, or joined the community later; (b) when the law was issued, he was married to a person who was a Jew, or was subsequently married to a Jew; (c) he is the issue from a marriage with a Jew, in the sense of Section I, which was contracted after the coming into effect of the Law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor of September 15, 1935; (d) he is the issue of an extramarital relationship with a Jew, in the sense of Section I, and was born out of wedlock after July 31, 1936. September 15, 1935 – Nuremberg LawsSeptember 15, 1935 – Nuremberg Laws Defines Reich citizen as German or related blood; forbid interracial marriageDefines Reich citizen as German or related blood; forbid interracial marriage

13. KRISTALLNACHT, NOV. 9-10, 1938 Night of Shattered Glass Night of Shattered Glass At least 100 Jews killed, 30,000 Jewish men sent to concentration campsAt least 100 Jews killed, 30,000 Jewish men sent to concentration camps

14. NAZI IDEOLOGY IN THE LIVES OF WOMEN AND CHILDREN Cross of Honor of the German Mother 4-5 children = bronze 6-7 children = silver 8+ = gold Unfit mothers faced sterilization and/or death For the Children Hitler Jugend Bund Deutscher Mädchen

16. Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.

17. NAZI ECONOMIC POLICY Hitler’s oppressive regime received support because he swiftly ended the Depression in Germany People would sacrifice all political and civil liberty, limit private exercise of capital in order to prepare for war and aggression Massive public works programs Renunciation of the Treaty of Versailles leads Hitler to appoint Hermann Goring to undertake a four-year plan to prepare the army and economy for war Trade unions crushed and outlawed Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458. All rights reserved.