1. Cost Effective Drainage Structures Henry J. “Hank” Gottschalk, III Technical Resources Engineer Virginia Concrete Conference March 2010

4. Financial Assessment of Drainage Structure Cost of supply

5. Bridge Systems

6. Culverts

7. Pipes

8. Drainage Inlets

9. Our only limitation is our customers’ imagination.

10. Horizontal Structures Conduit Structure

11. Purpose of vertical structure Connect pipes

12. Purpose of vertical structure Connect pipes Provide access

13. Purpose of vertical structure Connect pipes Provide access ASCE Photo Contest

14. Purpose of vertical structure Connect pipes Provide access

15. Shape

16. Round Vertical Structure

17. A s = 0.0025 x D(in)

18. Round Vertical Structure

19. Rectangular Vertical Structure

27. Financial Assessment of Drainage Structure Cost of supply Cost of proper installation & inspection

29. Highway Congestion Congestion robs our nation of productivity and quality of life –3.5 billion hours/year time delay –5.7 billion gallons of wasted gas/year –Total cost of $75 billion for the 75 urban areas 2010 FHWA Presentation - Reggie Holt, Sr. Bridge Engineer

30. Work Zone Safety Continued need for Accelerated Construction and methods to close fewer lanes TRB DCG Critical & Cross Cutting Issues, 01-14-11

31. Work Zone Safety As many as 1000 fatalities occur each year in roadway construction work zones TRB DCG Critical & Cross Cutting Issues, 01-14-11

32. Financial Assessment of Drainage Structure Cost of supply Cost of proper installation & inspection

33. Financial Assessment of Drainage Structure Cost of supply Cost of proper installation & inspection Maintenance

34. Financial Assessment of Drainage Structure Cost of supply Cost of proper installation & inspection Maintenance Service Life versus Project Life

35. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers No. 1110-2-2902 Engineering and Design Conduits, Culverts, and Pipes (31 March 1998) (1)CONCRETE- Most studies estimated product service life for concrete pipe to be between 70 and 100 years. Of nine state highway departments, three listed the life as 100 years, five states stated between 70 and 100 years, and one state gave 50 years. (2) STEEL - Corrugated steel pipe usually fails due to corrosion of the invert or the exterior of the pipe. Properly applied coatings can extend the product life to at least 50 years for most environments. (3) ALUMINUM- Aluminum pipe is usually affected more by soil-side corrosion than by corrosion of the invert. Long-term performance is difficult to predict because of a relatively short history of use, but the designer should not expect a product service life of greater than 50 years. (4) PLASTIC- Many different materials fall under the general category of plastic. Each of these materials may have some unique applications where it is suitable or unsuitable. Performance history of plastic pipe is limited. A designer should not expect a product service life of greater than 50 years. Excerpt from Para. 1-4 Life Cycle Design

36. Risk Assessment

37. Modes of Failure

38. 72” Culvert Failure Cost = Up to $500,000 Major Highway CLOSED Business Profit Decrease Detour Longer Employee Commute Public Driving Confusion Officials Manning Roadblocks

39. The Economic Cost of Culvert Failure

40. User Delay Costs (Indirect Costs) Joseph Perrin’s Research: D = AADT * t * d *(c v * v v * v of + c f * v f ) Where: AADT = Annual Average Daily Traffic of the roadway which the culvert is being installed t = the average increase in delay or congestion the installation is causing to each vehicle per day, in hours d = the number of days the project will take c v = the average rate of person-delay, in dollars per hour v v = the percentage of passenger vehicles traffic v of = the vehicle occupancy factor c f = the average rate of freight-delay, in dollars per hour v f = the percentage of truck traffic

41. User Delay Costs (Indirect Costs) Average Established Delay Costs as of 2005, in Dollars: c v = $18.62 per person / hour of delay c f = $52.86 per freight /hour of delay Typical Traffic Assumptions: v v = 97% vehicle passenger traffic v f = 3% truck traffic v of =1.2 persons per vehicle A one-hour delay on a roadway carrying an Annual Average Daily Traffic of 20,000 vehicles costs the public over $450,000 every day.

42. Risk Assessment Modes of Failure

43. Financial Assessment of Drainage Structure Cost of supply Cost of proper installation & inspection Maintenance Service Life versus Project Life

44. It is unwise to pay too much, but it is worse to pay too little. When you pay too much, you lose a little money. When you pay too little, you sometimes lose everything, because the thing you bought was incapable of doing the thing it was bought to do. JOHN RUSKIN 1819-1900, renowned English critic, social commentator, and economist of the Victorian Age

45. Advantages of Precast Concrete Structures Cast and Cured in a Quality Controlled Environment Shows up at the Jobsite as a Structure Strength is All Ready “Built In” Just Set, Connect… and Go! Save Time & Money! Precast Concrete = Long Service Life