2. The Study of History Primary Sources, Historiography, and Early American History

3. History is a mystery!  We weren’t there so we don’t know what happened.  So how do we put the whole story together?

4. Putting the Puzzle Together: Primary Sources Documents created by those who participated in or witnessed the events of the past tell us something that even the best- written book or article cannot convey. These documents, or artifacts, are often referred to as primary sources. What does primary mean? The original document with no additions or modifications.

5. What are artifacts?  Photographs Old photographs are time machines. They allow us to look back in history, freeze a moment in time, and imagine ourselves as part of the past. What can you learn from looking at this photo? What does it say to you? What can you tell about the people in this picture?

6. What are artifacts?  Paintings All written history, words and pictures, reflects an author’s or artist’s interpretation of past events. Reported history is subjective by nature. What do you think this painting is reporting?

7. What are artifacts?  Written Documents One of the ways to take the pulse of a society is to search through its primary source materials. Inevitably our search will lead us not only to those well-publicized events we're familiar with....but also to the ordinary every-day events that filled our forebears' lives.

8. What are artifacts?  Sound Recordings Click speaker to play music Music and interviews are an excellent reflection of the mood of the times and what people were thinking. What do you feel or think when you hear this music? What sense of time and place do you have?

9. Let’s Practice! Study the photograph for two minutes. Form an overall impression and then examine individual items. Study the photograph for two minutes. Form an overall impression and then examine individual items. What people do you see in the photo? What people do you see in the photo? What objects are visible in the photo? What objects are visible in the photo? Based on what you have observed, list three things you can infer/interpret from this photograph. Based on what you have observed, list three things you can infer/interpret from this photograph. What questions do you have after viewing this photograph? What questions do you have after viewing this photograph?

10. What Considerations do Historians have to consider when Analyzing Primary Sources? Battle of Lexington Practice….

11. The Process of History Through primary sources we can see how famous and ordinary folk appeared in both posed and unguarded moments. We can relive great events and everyday life in exquisite detail. We can learn how people dressed and carried themselves and sometimes judge their moods. Studying historical documents helps us imagine what it was like when the first airplane took off, when a landing craft ramp fell open on D-day, or when the first man stepped onto the Moon.

12. History Changes What is History?   1.) In the Past historians were convinced that a fundamental truth existed It is about a continual search for the truth using primary sources which become available.   2.) What causes disagreement in interpretations?   a.) historian's background:   i.) Marxist -  economic, cultural, political   ii.) when historian's write history 3.) Historiography: The study of how a opinion and evidence on a historical event has changed over the years. a.) Traditional b.) Revisionists c.) Post-Revisionists

13. What led to the writing of the DeclarationOfIndependence and the RevolutionaryWar?

14. Enlightenment: History doesn’t happen in a vacuum  Contributions to Liberty John Locke John Locke Baron deMontesquieu Baron deMontesquieu Jean Jacques Rousseau Jean Jacques Rousseau

15. French and Indian War  Britain helped colonists defeat French in war  Britain needed money to pay for war expenses  Years of neglect followed by greater control-->  Taxed colonists, restricted settlements and limited self-govt.

16. Sugar Act and Stamp Act  British taxed colonists on many of the goods coming into the colonies from other places  British imposed taxes upon all paper products and stamped the item once the tax had been played.  Townshend Acts "No taxation without representation,”

17. Colonists react… “No Taxation Without Representation!” -James Otis

18. Various protests : Patric k Henry’s speechPatric k Henry’s speech March 23, 1775March 23, 1775 Sons and Daughters of Liberty Boycotts. Benjamin Franklin’s visit to Parliamen t: 1765 Boston Massacre 1770 Boston Tea Party December 16, 1773,

19. Great Speeches What Makes them Moving?  Pericles  Tecumseh  Patrick Henry  RFK

20. King George III passes the “Intolerable Acts”  The Royal Navy blockades the Boston Harbor so no colonial goods could be sent out until tea was paid for.  Colonists had to quarter the British soldiers.  The King assigned British General Gage to be Massachusetts governor.  Armory at Concord…..

21. Declaration of Independence  Drafted by Thomasefferson between June 11 and June 28, 1776  Edited by congress  Great Charter of Freedom

22. Post Independence  Development of the Constitution  Articles of Confederation Problems Problems No power to….. No power to….. Shay’s Rebellion Shay’s Rebellion Solution: New Constitution, 1789 Problems with its creation/adoption… Problems with its creation/adoption…1.2.3.