1. Social Identity, Personality, and Gender Part II

2. Alternative Gender Models from a Cross-cultural Perspective Gender roles are the cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society. Gender roles are the cultural expectations of men and women in a particular society. Binary Gender Standards, the 23 rd Chromosome: Binary Gender Standards, the 23 rd Chromosome:

3. Alternative Gender Models from a Cross-cultural Perspective (cont) Intersexuals are people born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female. Intersexuals are people born with reproductive organs, genitalia, and/or sex chromosomes that are not exclusively male or female. –Turner Syndrome –Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (AIS) –Hermaphrodites

4. Alternative Gender Models from a Cross-cultural Perspective (cont) Corrective Surgery: Corrective Surgery: –corrective surgery may not be necessary for protection of life or health, but purely for aesthetic or social purposes –genital surgery may lead to negative consequences for sexual functioning in later life

5. Alternative Gender Models from a Cross-cultural Perspective (cont) Transgender: a person who crosses over or occupies a culturally accepted position in the binary male-female gender construction. Transgender: a person who crosses over or occupies a culturally accepted position in the binary male-female gender construction.

6. Alternative Gender Models from a Cross-cultural Perspective (cont) Gender bender is an informal term used to refer to a person who actively transgresses, or "bends," expected gender roles. Gender bender is an informal term used to refer to a person who actively transgresses, or "bends," expected gender roles.

7. Normal and Abnormal Personality in Social Context In Hinduism, sadhu is a common term for an ascetic or practitioner of yoga (yogi) who has given up pursuit of the first three Hindu goals of life: kama, artha and even dharma. In Hinduism, sadhu is a common term for an ascetic or practitioner of yoga (yogi) who has given up pursuit of the first three Hindu goals of life: kama, artha and even dharma. The sadhu is solely dedicated to achieving moksha. The sadhu is solely dedicated to achieving moksha.

8. Normal and Abnormal Personality in Social Context (cont) The recognition and understanding of mental disorders have changed over time and across cultures. The recognition and understanding of mental disorders have changed over time and across cultures. Cultural variation can suggest that the very construct of "mental disorder" is in fact culture-bound. Cultural variation can suggest that the very construct of "mental disorder" is in fact culture-bound. Ethnic Psychoses are mental disorders specific to particular cultural groups. Ethnic Psychoses are mental disorders specific to particular cultural groups.

9. Normal and Abnormal Personality in Social Context (cont) Anthropologists view all mental health issues in their cultural context, in recognition of the fact hat each individual’ social identity, unique personality, and overall sense of mental health is molded by the a particular culture within which the person is born and raised to function as valued members of the community. Anthropologists view all mental health issues in their cultural context, in recognition of the fact hat each individual’ social identity, unique personality, and overall sense of mental health is molded by the a particular culture within which the person is born and raised to function as valued members of the community. (Page 148) (Page 148)