1.  The study of the relationship between behavior and natural selection. Sociobiological theory states that certain behaviors or behavioral pattern have been selected for because they increase reproductive success in individuals.

2.  Infanticide  K-selection (vs. r-selection)  Male / Female behaviors  Sexual dimorphism

3.  The lack of long-term data: › On demography › On social behavior › Resource distribution  Little data on relatedness through male line  How to assign reproductive costs and benefits to particular behaviors

4.  Male-female bonding › Rare in primates › Consortships may last during estrus (some Baboons, some Chimpanzees) › Bonobos sometime form prolonged consortships › Monogamy (some lesser apes)

5.  Gombe National Park, Tanzania  Jane Goodall › 5 unprovoked attacks on individuals by groups › Following a split of the group › Southern faction was eradicated. (all 7 males and one female)

6.  Hugging, kissing, grooming  May include animals not involved in the conflict

7.  Complex social interactions  Problem solving abilities  Learning through observation

8.  Kanzi (a Bonobo) › Learned by observation › innovation

10.  Washoe and Loulis  Non-iconic “chips”  Koko, Michael  Sherman and Austin  Kanzi (again)