1. ELC 310 Day 24

2. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-2 Agenda Questions? Problem set 5 Parts A & B Corrected  Good results  2 A’s, 1 B and 1 non-submit Problem set 6 posted  Due Dec 13 Last Capstone Progress Report Due  Capstone project & presentations Due December 16 Exam # 4  December 13  Chap 10, 11, & 12, 25 M/C  45 min Discussion on Collections

3. Chapter 12 Collections

4. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-4 Collections A collection is an object that helps us organize and manage other objects Chapter 12 focuses on:  the concept of a collection  separating the interface from the implementation  dynamic data structures  Classic linear data structures Queues and stacks  Classic nonlinear data structures Trees and graphs  Java Collections API  Generic types in collections classes

5. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-5 Outline Data Structures Dynamic Representations Queues and Stacks Trees and Graphs The Java Collections API

6. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-6 Collections and Data Structures A collection is an object that serves as a repository for other objects A collection usually provides services such as adding, removing, and otherwise managing the elements it contains  ArrayList represents a collection Sometimes the elements in a collection are ordered, sometimes they are not Sometimes collections are homogeneous, sometimes the are heterogeneous  ArrayList is heterogeneous since can contain objects of various types

7. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-7 Separating Interface from Implementations Collections can be implemented in many different ways An abstract data type (ADT) is an organized collection of information and a set of operations used to manage that information  Has a Name, domain of values, set of operations The set of operations defines the interface to the ADT As long as the ADT fulfills the promises of the interface, it doesn't really matter how the ADT is implemented Objects are a perfect programming mechanism to create ADTs because their internal details are encapsulated

8. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-8 Dynamic Representations Array is one way a list can be represented, there are other ways  Arrays are static (fixed length) Dynamic data structures are implemented using Links to other objects Class Node { int info; Node next; } Allows object to be “chained together” to created a linked list

9. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-9 Static vs. Dynamic Structures A static data structure has a fixed size This meaning is different from the meaning of the static modifier Arrays are static; once you define the number of elements it can hold, the number doesn’t change A dynamic data structure grows and shrinks at execution time as required by its contents A dynamic data structure is implemented using links

10. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-10 Object References Recall that an object reference is a variable that stores the address of an object A reference also can be called a pointer References often are depicted graphically: student John Smith 40725 3.58

11. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-11 References as Links Object references can be used to create links between objects Suppose a Student class contains a reference to another Student object John Smith 40725 3.57 Jane Jones 58821 3.72

12. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-12 References as Links References can be used to create a variety of linked structures, such as a linked list: Linked list has a reference variable to start to the list and ends with a null pointer studentList

13. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-13 Intermediate Nodes The objects being stored should not be concerned with the details of the data structure in which they may be stored For example, the Student class should not have to store a link to the next Student object in the list Instead, we can use a separate node class with two parts:  1) a reference to an independent object  2) a link to the next node in the list The internal representation becomes a linked list of nodes Storage Object Storage Object Storage Object Stored Object Stored Object Stored Object StartNULL

14. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-14 A dynamically Linked List Let’s explore an example of a collection of Magazine objects The collection is managed by the MagazineList class, which has an private inner class called MagazineNode Because the MagazineNode is private to MagazineList, the MagazineList methods can directly access MagazineNode data without violating encapsulation See MagazineRack.java (page 615) MagazineRack.java See MagazineList.java (page 616) MagazineList.java See Magazine.java (page 618) Magazine.java

15. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-15 Magazine Collection A method called insert could be defined to add a node anywhere in the list, to keep it sorted, for example Magazine Rack New magazine

16. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-16 Magazine Collection A method called delete could be defined to remove a node from the list Magazine Rack

17. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-17 Other Dynamic List representations It may be convenient to implement as list as a doubly linked list, with next and previous references list

18. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-18 Other Dynamic List Implementations It may be convenient to use a separate header node, with a count and references to both the front and rear of the list count: 4 front rear list

19. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-19 Other Dynamic List implementations A linked list can be circularly linked in which case the last node in the list points to the first node in the list If the linked list is doubly linked, the first node in the list also points to the last node in the list The representation should facilitate the intended operations and should make them easy to implement

20. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-20 Classic Data Structures Classic linear data structures include queues and stacks Classic nonlinear data structures include trees, binary trees, graphs, and digraphs

21. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-21 Queues A queue is similar to a list but adds items only to the rear of the list and removes them only from the front It is called a FIFO data structure: First-In, First-Out Analogy: a line of people at a bank teller’s window enqueue dequeue

22. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-22 Queues We can define the operations for a queue  enqueue - add an item to the rear of the queue  dequeue (or serve) - remove an item from the front of the queue  empty - returns true if the queue is empty As with our linked list example, by storing generic Object references, any object can be stored in the queue Queues often are helpful in simulations or any situation in which items get “backed up” while awaiting processing

23. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-23 Stacks A stack ADT is also linear, like a list or a queue Items are added and removed from only one end of a stack It is therefore LIFO: Last-In, First-Out Analogies: a stack of plates in a cupboard, a stack of bills to be paid, or a stack of hay bales in a barn

24. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-24 Stacks Stacks often are drawn vertically: poppush

25. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-25 Stacks Some stack operations:  push - add an item to the top of the stack  pop - remove an item from the top of the stack  peek (or top) - retrieves the top item without removing it  empty - returns true if the stack is empty A stack can be represented by a singly-linked list; it doesn’t matter whether the references point from the top toward the bottom or vice versa A stack can be represented by an array, but the new item should be placed in the next available place in the array rather than at the end of the array

26. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-26 Stacks The java.util package contains a Stack class  http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Stack.html http://java.sun.com/j2se/1.5.0/docs/api/java/util/Stack.html  Has search method Like ArrayList operations, the Stack operations operate on Object references See Decode.java (page 623) Decode.java

27. ELC 310 Day 25

28. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-28 Agenda Questions? Problem set 6 posted  Due Dec 13 Capstone project & presentations  Due December 16 Exam # 4  December 13  Chap 10, 11, & 12, 25 M/C  45 min Discussion on Non-linear Data Structures

29. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-29 Trees and Binary Trees A tree is a non-linear data structure that consists of a root node and potentially many levels of additional nodes that form a hierarchy Nodes that have no children are called leaf nodes Nodes except for the root and leaf nodes are called internal nodes Root Leaf nodes Internal node

30. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-30 Trees and Binary Trees A binary tree is defined recursively. Either it is empty (the base case) or it consists of a root and two subtrees, each of which is a binary tree Binary trees and trees typically are represented using references as dynamic links, though it is possible to use fixed representations like arrays Binary tree example  http://www.cs.umd.edu/~egolub/Java/BinaryTree.html http://www.cs.umd.edu/~egolub/Java/BinaryTree.html

31. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-31 Graphs and Digraphs A graph is a non-linear structure Unlike a tree or binary tree, a graph does not have a root Any node in a graph can be connected to any other node by an edge Analogy: the highway system connecting cities on a map

32. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-32 Graphs and Digraphs In a directed graph or digraph, each edges has a specific direction. Edges with direction sometimes are called arcs Analogy: airline flights between airports

33. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-33 Graphs and Digraphs Both graphs and digraphs can be represented using dynamic links or using arrays. As always, the representation should facilitate the intended operations and make them convenient to implement Example  http://www.jibble.org/applets/montygraph/ http://www.jibble.org/applets/montygraph/

34. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-34 Collection Classes The Java standard library contains several classes that represent collections, often referred to as the Java Collections API Their underlying implementation is implied in the class names such as ArrayList and LinkedList Several interfaces are used to define operations on the collections, such as List, Set, SortedSet, Map, and SortedMap Collections Tutorial

35. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-35 Generics The classes implemented in the JAVA collections API are generic types  The programmer established the type of object the collections manages when the collection type is instantiated  LinkedList aName= new LinkedList ();  LinkedList anotherName= new LinkedList (); Specifying type enables two things  Limits the collections to only objects of the correct type (don’t forget about polymorphism)  No need to cast objects when they are removed from the collection If not object type is specified than the collection can store any object

36. © 2004 Pearson Addison-Wesley. All rights reserved12-36 Summary Chapter 12 focuses on:  the concept of a collection  separating the interface from the implementation  dynamic data structures  Classic linear data structures Queues and stacks  Classic nonlinear data structures Trees and graphs  Java Collections API  Generic types in collections classes