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Published byBritney Simmons Modified over 8 years ago
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VERSIONS OF DNA
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DNAChromatinChromosomeChromatid Genetic Information in a Double Helix DNA wrapped around a Protein Chromatin wrapped in a supercoil One half of the Chromosome
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DNA CHROMATIN CHROMOSOME CHROMATID PROTEIN
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STEM CELLS & DIFFERENTIATION
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What are some reasons why cells divide? Replacement o Red blood cells live approximately 10 days o Stomach and cheek cells live less than a day o Most nerve and brain cells live your entire life Growth Regeneration Too big (more on that later) WHY CELLS DIVIDE
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All cells have the same genes (information) So how do they become different? Gene activation (differentiation) As a cell differentiates, some genes are turned on and some are turned off Like a computer with all information, but only certain programs are turned on, others are off DIFFERENTIATION
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Undifferentiated cells (their job is to become special cells when needed) STEM CELLS
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Embryonic Obtained from fertilized eggs left over from in vitro fertilization (IVF) Controversial Adult Both children and adults have them in specific areas (niche) to divide and differentiate when needed Not as programmable as embryonic stem cells TYPES OF STEM CELLS
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CELL CYCLE
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Series of events the cell goes through as they grow and divide Starts when a new cell is formed Cell grows, DNA replicates (synthesis), cell grows, cell divides into 2 new cells (exact copies) CELL CYCLE
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MITOSIS
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Growth and division of somatic (body) cells to produce 2 identical cells. MITOSIS
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Beginning of Mitosis 1 cell grows PROPHASE
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Chromosomes line up in the middle METAPHASE
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Chromatids move towards opposite sides ANAPHASE
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Mitosis ends 2 cells form TELOPHASE
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Cytoplasm divides to form 2 identical cells CYTOKINESIS
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MEIOSIS
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Growth and division of gamete (sex) cells to produce 4 different cells.
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MEIOSIS = REPRODUCTION Why is this important? Species survival Two types: Sexual 2 parents Sperm + Egg Zygote Example: humans Asexual 1 parent Single-celled organisms divide into 2 cells (mitosis) Example: yeast, bacteria
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COMPARISON Mitosis 1 division 1 cell 2 identical cells For growth and repair Occurs all over the body Meiosis 2 divisions 1 cell 4 different cells For production of gametes Happens only in sex cells
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CANCER
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Begins when there is a disruption during mitosis Cells divide uncontrollably New cells for incorrectly (mutations) CANCER
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Mass of cancer cells Benign: overgrown, but normal Malignant: cells are abnormal and invade other parts of the body TUMOR
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Tumors (Neoplasms)
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SYMPTOMS A thickening or lump in an area Obvious change in a wart or mole A sore that does not heal Nagging cough/hoarseness Changes in bowel/bladder habits Ingestion/difficulty swallowing Unexplained changes in weight Unusual bleeding/discharge **Not all of these symptoms mean a person has cancer, they can have other causes
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TREATMENT Surgery Chemotherapy Radiation Hormone therapy Biological therapy
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PREVENTION Living a healthy lifestyle No smoking, eating right, exercise, avoiding excessive sunlight Awareness of disease/family history Regular check-ups Screenings
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