1. An Equal Opportunity University Grain Storage Considerations Sam McNeill Extension Agricultural Engineer UKREC – Princeton, KY 270-365-7541 x 213 Email: sam.mcneill@uky.edu Web: www.bae.uky.edu

2. Grain Storage Systems Conventional bins/silos Horizontal storage

3. Storage Consideration Topics: 1.Storage capacity & prices in KY 2.Safety considerations 3.Physical and biological considerations 4.Storage management 5.Other resources More info @ bae.uky.edu bae.uky.edu

4. Grain Storage Capacity in KY

5. Cash Corn Price: Ohio Valley

6. BAE How often should I check my grain? 2-weeks until cooled 2-4 weeks during winter Temperature Moisture Insects

7. BAE When Inspecting Stored Grain Always Work in Pairs !

8. BAE Grain Inspection Tools 1. 1. PPE – harness / dust masks 2. 2. Portable moisture meter 3. 3. Thermometer 4. 4. Grain/insect probe 5. 5. Bucket /container 6. 6. Psychrometer

9. BAE Grain Storage Considerations How to minimize spoilage? 1. 1.Control grain moisture 2. 2.Control grain temperature 3. 3.Control grain condition

10. 10/24 UK - BAE Allowable Storage Time (days) MCTemperature %4050607080 167633391518547 18291130583218 20144642916 9 22 85 38 17 10 6 2457261174 283315743 Source: ASABE

11. BAE Losses Caused by Insects and Molds  Heating  Weight loss  Decreased germination  Mycotoxins  Price discounts

12. BAE Temperature Influence on Insects Temp. rangeEffect < 32Death in minutes 40 – 60Death in days 66 – 77Sub-optimum 82 – 90Optimum 95Development stops 122Death in minutes Source: P. Fields, USDA 1992

13. BAE Molds Like a Warm Environment

14. BAE Molds Like Moisture  Each mold species has its own moisture preference  Molds grow faster as moisture increases

15. BAE Equilibrium MC for Corn

16. BAE Safe Storage Conditions for Corn Winter Summer

17. BAE Safe Storage Moistures

18. BAE Adjustments to Recommended Storage Moistures Need to lower moisture content if: Low testweight Broken and foreign material Non-aerated storage Pre-harvest mold damage Storage structure

19. BAE

20. Storage Tips to Control Risks   Clean grain prior to binning   Operate augers at capacity and slowest speed possible   Check grain moisture going into storage   Screen grain for mycotoxins   S.L.A.M.

21. BAE Bin Loading   Manage trash and fines Control grain damage by combine Use a spreader to fill the bin Remove fines/trash from the bin center (core)

22. BAE Manage Trash and Fines

23. BAE Core after Filling to Remove Light Wheat Kernels

24. BAE Winter Moisture Migration 75 O F 35 O F

25. BAE Grain Spoilage from Moisture Migration   Uniform Temperatures Prevent moisture migration Preserves product quality

26. BAE Stored Grain Temperatures in KY

27. BAE Aeration Cooling Cycle

28. BAE Estimated Time for Aeration Cycles (Hours)

29. BAE Airflow in 30-ft bin with 10 hp fan

30. BAE Cost of 3 Aeration Cycles Example for 30-ft bin @ 10¢/kwh

31. BAE Five Day Forecast for Jan. 21, 2004 Source: wpsdtv.com Avg. Hi: 46 Lo: 33 5d: 40

32. BAE Date Hourly Temperatures for Princeton, KY 263014.5 Total fan hours = 70.5

33. BAE Off-the-shelf Fan Control with Thermostats HOUR METER HEATING THERMOSTAT COOLING THERMOSTAT FAN RELAY Sept. 55 - 65 Oct. 45 - 55 Nov. 35 - 45

34. BAE Commercial Fan Controllers opistormax.com agsense.net agridryllc.com

35. BAE Temperature Cable System 1. Thermocouple sensor cables 2. Cable suspension system 3. Lead wire extension 4. Readout plug 5. Display instrument D A B C A D C B

36. BAE Automated Insect Monitoring Automated Insect Monitoring www.opistormax.com

37. BAE Automated Insect Monitoring

38. OPIGIMAC Temperature and Insect Monitoring, Aeration Fan Control System

39. Resources 1.Midwest Plan Service mwps.org mwps.org 2.Agricultural Engineering Departments in Midwest…at UK bae.uky.edubae.uky.edu 3.GEAPS geaps.org geaps.org 4.USDA Grain Lab in KS ars.usda.gov ars.usda.gov 5.GrainNet grainnet.com grainnet.com

40. BAE Questions ? Sam McNeill Extension Agricultural Engineer University of Kentucky Research and Education Center sam.mcneill@uky.edu 270-365-7541 x 213 Mike Montross Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering michael.montross@uky.edu 859-257-3000 x106