1. P SYCHIATRIC DISORDERS BY : A LAA M AKKAWI

2. WHAT IS BIPOLAR DISORDER ? o bipolar disorder also is known as manic- depressive disease and is used to describe a person with at least 2 years cycling mood characterized by numerous periods of manic symptoms and separate periods with depressive symptoms o Pathology: Research is now showing that this disorder is associated with abnormal brain levels of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. 2

3. H OW I S B IPOLAR D ISORDER T REATED ? A-Mood stabilizing medications 1-Lithium (sometimes known as Eskalith or Lithobid Used in prophylactics for bipolar disorder Mode of action : Believed to attenuate signaling via receptor coupled to PIP2 ( second messenger system ) SO, lithium interferes with the resynthesis of PIP2 leading to depletion in neural mambrane of CNS Side effect: Headache, polyuria, polydipsia, Dry mouth GIT disturbance 3

4. A-M OOD STABILIZING MEDICATIONS 2-VALPROIC acid or divalproex sodium (depakote) preferred initial therapy for rapid cycling zyrexa) 3-OLANZOPINE( b-psychotherapy c-psycho education 4

5. SCHIZOPHRENIA A disease of the brain is considered to be the most severe expression of psychopathology encompassing significant disruptions of thinking, perception,emotion,and behavior pathology…..........???????????????? 5

6. C HARACTERISTIC SYMPTOMS : 1- delusions 2-hallucination 3-unusual behavior 4- disorganized speech 5- negative symptoms (psychomotor retardation, alogia, avolition) 6

7. T TT OF SCHIZOPHRENIA ACCORDING TO MECHANISM OF ACTION 1- dopamine receptor blocking activity: Typical antipsychotic drug high potency antisychotic fluphenazine haloperidol, Chlorpromazine Low potency antisychotic thioridazine 2- serotonin receptor blocking activity: Atypical antipsychotic drug (clozapine,risperidone,aripiprazole) 7

8. SIDE EFFECT : Postural hypotension Confusion Sexual dysfunction Constipation Parkinsonia effects typical neuroleptic Weight gain atypical neuroleptic 8