1. Comparison of Ropivacaine and Bupivacaine Toxicity in Human Articular Chondrocytes by Samantha L. Piper, and Hubert T. Kim J Bone Joint Surg Am Volume 90(5):986-991 May 1, 2008 ©2008 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

2. Bar graph showing the percentage of live chondrocytes within cartilage explants twenty-four hours after a thirty-minute treatment with 0.9% normal saline solution, 0.5% ropivacaine, or 0.5% bupivacaine. Samantha L. Piper, and Hubert T. Kim J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:986-991 ©2008 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

3. Fluorescence microscopy images of human articular cartilage explants stained with 1-μM calcein AM and 1-μM ethidium himodimer-1 twenty-four hours after a thirty-minute treatment with (A) 0.9% normal saline solution, (B) 0.5% ropivacaine, or (C) 0.5% bupivac... Samantha L. Piper, and Hubert T. Kim J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:986-991 ©2008 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.

4. Bar graph illustrating chondrocyte viability in monolayer tissue culture twenty-four hours after a thirty-minute treatment with 0.9% normal saline solution, 0.5% ropivacaine, or 0.5% bupivacaine. Samantha L. Piper, and Hubert T. Kim J Bone Joint Surg Am 2008;90:986-991 ©2008 by The Journal of Bone and Joint Surgery, Inc.