1. Saponification General reaction Fat + Base  Soap + glycerine Base = chemical that contains OH at the end Creating soap from fats or oils. Soaps are usually made from vegetable fats and oils. These consist of 3 fatty acid chains, held together by a glycerol molecule. glycerine Fatty acid

2. How are soaps made?

3. This reaction is basically the opposite of an esterification Esterification – remove HOH to connect molecules Saponification – Add NaOH to break molecules Esterification Saponification HOH Na

4. Because a soap molecule has a long carbon chain, it is partially nonpolar. The sodium part has a + and – charge, so it’s polar at this end. On end can attract polar molecules like water (hydrophilic), the other end can attract nonpolar molecules like oil (hydrophobic) What is a soap? Na Nonpolar -+-+ Polar Attracts oilAttracts water

5. water oil soap molecule If oil is added to water, the two liquids do not mix. Because of this, grease stains can be difficult to remove during washing. Soaps are compounds which act as emulsifiers. This means that they help the oil to mix with the water.

6. How do soaps work?