1. CAPVT NULLA (Chapter 0) NOMINATIVVS ET ACCUSATIVVUS Nominative and Accusative

2. S/InV Subject + Intransitive Verb NOTE: _______________ verbs do NOT have a ______________, while _____________verbs do. TRANSITIVE DIRECT OBJECT INTRANSITIVE

3. Exemplum gratis (e.g.) Subject + Intransitive Verb ii. Caesar cōgitat. “Caesar plans.”

4. S/TrV Do Subject (something doing the action) + Transitive Verb + Direct Object (something receiving the action)

5. Exemplum gratis (e.g.) Subject+Transitive Verb+ Direct Object Puer puellam amat. “The boy loves the girl.” “The boy loves the girl.”

6. LV = Linking Verb A LINKING VERB shows that the subject and the predicate are actually equal. Magister Olimpi is the Latin teacher. Magister Olimpi = Latin teacher.

7. S/LV/PN SUBJECT + LINKING VERB + PREDICATE NOUN

8. S/LV/PN Uses a LINKING VERB (usually a form of “IS”) followed by a NOUN. There is no DIRECT OBJECT or RECEIVER of any action: the PREDICATE NOUN simply MODIFIES the subject.

9. S/LV/PN Venus est dea. Venus is a goddess. Venus = a goddess.

10. Ovidius et Vergilius sunt poetae. “Ovid and Virgil are poets. Can you idenify: a. the predicate noun? b. the subject? c. what kind of verb is used?

11. S/LV/PA Uses a LINKING VERB (usually a form of ”IS”) followed by an ADJECTIVE. There is no DIRECT OBJECT or RECEIVER of any action: the PREDICATE ADJECTIVE simply DESCRIBES the subject.

12. S/LV/PA Rōma est magna. Rome is great. Rome = great.

13. S/LV/PA Graecī nōn sunt stultī. The Greeks are not foolish. The Greeks ≠ foolish. (the “nōn” negates the verb)

14. NOTE: prepositions Prepositional phrases are never direct object, predicate nouns, predicated adjectives, etc. Then, what do you do with them?

15. NOTE: prepositions When you’re figuring out the sentence pattern, IGNORE THEM! Put ‘em in brackets.

16. NOTE: prepositions Caesar puellam videt in Rōmā. Caesar puellam videt [in Rōmā]. ↑ Prepositional phrase in BRACKETS. Don’t consider it. Momentarily forget that it is there. Subject Direct Object Verb Caesar sees the girl in Rome.

17. Now try “Exercitiō I” (pagina IV in the handout) exercitiō

18. Subject and Direct Object In English, the SUBJECT and the DIRECT OBJECT are determined by WORD ORDER alone.

19. Subject and Direct Object Compare the following pairs of sentences: a. Marcus hits Quintus. Quintus hits Marcus. b. The Greeks overcome the Trojans. The Trojans overcome the Greeks. c. The girl loves the roses. The roses love the girl.

20. Subject and Direct Object B. Each sentence has a performer/doer and a receiver of the action. (The Performer is the Subject; the Receiver is the Direct Object)

21. Subject and Direct Object Here are those sentences in Latin: a. Marcus Quintum pulsat. Quintus Marcum pulsat. b. Graecī Trōiānōs superant. Trōiānī Graecōs superant. c. Puella rosās amat. Rosae puellam amat.

22. QUAESTIO: Looking between the Latin and the English, do you notice anything this is the English but NOT in the Latin?

23. THERE ARE NO ARTICLES IN THE LATIN LANGUAGE! The English Articles: a, an, the

24. Nouns that end in –a (exemplum:“puella”) a.)As the subject, the Latin word for “girl” is “puella”. b.) As the direct object, the word becomes “puellam.”

25. Nouns that end in –a (exemplum:“puella”) c.) The ending -a is replaced with -am. d.) Looking at the word “rosa” we see that the plural “roses” is rosae, when it is the subject, and rosās when it is the direct object.

26. CASES e.) When a word is in its “subject form” it is said to be in the NOMINATIVE case. e.) When a word is in its “subject form” it is said to be in the NOMINATIVE case. f.) When a word is in its “direct object form” is it said to be in the ACCUSATIVE case. f.) When a word is in its “direct object form” is it said to be in the ACCUSATIVE case.

27. CASES NOUNS ending in “-a” in the NOMINATIVE CASE are said to be FEMININE. These nouns are said to be in the “First Declension.”

28. CASES Nouns that end in –us (exemplum: Marcus) – The SECOND DECLENSION.

29. FINDING THE BASE The base of a noun is the part which stays the same when the endings change. Ex. “rosa” and “rosam” The STEM is ros-.

30. FINDING THE BASE To FIND the base: Drop the ending off of the Second Principle Part. rosa, rosae (f.) – rose ↑The ending rosa, ros

31. FINDING THE BASE Using your vocabulary list, find the bases of the following nouns: 1) puella 2) philosophia 3) agricola 4) nauta puell- philosophi- agricol- naut-

32. SECOND DECLENSION a. Notice in example sentence “a” that Marcus is “Marcus” when he is the SUBJECT and “Marcum” when he is the DIRECT OBJECT (and notice that it is the same for Quintus).

33. SECOND DECLENSION b. In the plural, “the Greeks” as the subject is Graecī, but it becomes Graecōs when it is the direct object (and it is the same for the Trojans).