1. Carbon Dioxide Dr. Reid B. Grigg New Mexico Petroleum Recovery Research Center New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology Socorro, New Mexico

2.  CO 2 has been receiving a lot of publicity as of late, mostly bad PR.  Let’s get to know this compound better.  CO 2 is a vital compound for natural processes, but can create havoc with nature as well.

3. The following will be covered briefly:  Properties/ Phase Behavior  Solubility/Extraction  Swelling  Density  Viscosity  CO 2 Sequestration Volume Estimates

4. Properties of Carbon Dioxide Molecular Weight = 44.01 g/mol Critical Pressure = 1071 psia (7.38 MPa) Critical Temperature = 87.9 F (31.1 C) Critical Density = 0.469 g/cc

6. P-T Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide (Wikipedia) Critical point

7. P-T Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide (Wikipedia) Critical point Where we live

8. P-T Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide (Wikipedia) Critical point Where we live World of geologic Sequestration

9. D-P Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide (Wikipedia) Critical point

10. P-T Phase Diagram for Carbon Dioxide (Wikipedia) Critical point

11. Gas Liquid Supercritical Critical point Constant density [g/cm 3 ] indicated

12. Gas Liquid Supercritical Critical point

13. Gas Liquid Supercritical Critical point Constant density [g/cm 3 ] indicated

14. Gas Liquid Supercritical Critical point Constant density [g/cm 3 ] indicated

15. Gas Liquid Supercritical Critical point Constant density [g/cm 3 ] indicated

16. Gas Liquid Supercritical Critical point Constant density [g/cm 3 ] indicated

17. CO 2 density versus pressure at temperatures from 40-140 F

18. Effects of density/volume/phase changes  Injection  Production  Facilities  Pipelines  Compressors  Booster pumps  Etc

20. Three phases in CO 2 /oil micromodel tests.

25.  Properties/ Phase Behavior  Solubility/Extraction  Swelling  Density  Viscosity  CO 2 Sequestration Volume Estimates

26. Equilibrium Constant K i = y i -------- x i For a two phase vapor/liquid system y i = mole fraction of component i in the vapor phase x i = mole fraction of component i in the liquid phase

31. Water-CO 2 Density

32.  Properties/Phase Behavior  Solubility/Extraction  Swelling  Density  Viscosity  CO 2 Sequestration Volume Estimates

34. Oil-CO 2 Density

37.  Properties/Phase Behavior  Solubility/Extraction  Swelling  Density  Viscosity  CO 2 Sequestration Volume Estimates

38. Oil-CO 2 Density

42. Water-CO 2 Density

45.  Properties/Phase Behavior  Solubility/Extraction  Swelling  Density  Viscosity  CO 2 Sequestration Volume Estimates

48.  Properties/Phase Behavior  Solubility/Extraction  Swelling  Density  Viscosity  CO 2 Sequestration Volume Estimates

49. Volume Estimates 88 Permian Basin reservoirs have a total pore volume of about 10 x10 9 m 3 (61 billion barrels). Using a conservative displacement efficiency and CO 2 retention, 12% of the pore volume (1.2 x 10 9 m 3 ) estimated for potential CO 2 storage or ~ 1 x 10 9 tonnes). ~1 x 10 9 tonnes possible storage.

50. CH 2 +(1.5)O 2 = CO 2 + H 2 O Oil (~44/14 = 3.14) CH 4 +(2)O 2 = CO 2 + (2)H 2 O Methane (44/16 = 2.75) CH +(1.25)O 2 = CO 2 + (0.5)H 2 O Coal (~44/13 = 3.38) Production of CO 2 from Hydrocarbons (Mole Wt. CO 2 / Mole Wt. Hydrocarbon)

51. For example if the worldwide oil production is 12 x 10 6 m 3 /d ( 15 x 10 6 m 3 /d [5.5 x 10 9 m 3 /yr] reservoir volume assuming a FVF of 1.25) Assume density of hydrocarbon = 800 kg/m 3 (specific gravity of 0.8) Crude production ~ 4.4 x 10 9 tonnes/yr) CO 2 production ~ 13.8 x 10 9 tonnes/yr (thus 1 billon tonnes storage is ~ one month of world production)

52. Conclusions  Being a Supercritical fluid in and of itself is not necessarily significant.  Many of the properties of CO 2 are dependent on temperature and pressure. The most significant property is the density of CO 2.  Understand the different properties of CO 2 and then you can predict what will happen under your system conditions.

54. GAS Liquid Super- Critical

55. Temperature Temperature - T - ( o C) Density Density - ρ - (kg/m 3 ) Liquid Specific Heat Capacity Liquid Specific Heat Capacity - c p - (kJ/kg K) Temperature - T - (C) Gas Specific heat capacity - c p - (kJ/kgK) -5011561.84 -4011181.88-730.735 -3010771.97-480.763 -2010322.05-230.791 -109832.1820.819 09272.47270.846 108603.14840.871 207735.0 3059836.4 Carbon Dioxide specific heat capacity for liquid and gas. (Joule-Thomson effect).