2. Introduction Mapping is the foundation of the geological sciences. Three basic elements in geologic map –Location –Lithologic information –Spatial or geometrical relationships Providing the digital data sets representing the real earth so that a “virtual” earth can be simulated on the computer and then virtual model displayed and analyzed in “virtual reality” system.

3. CYBERMAPPING: Integration of GPS, Reflectorless Laser Rangefinders and GIS

4. Technology GPS: global positioning to a centimeter. Lasers: relative positioning of decimeter to centimeter. GIS: mapping functionalities. Digital Cameras ??

5. GPS Techniques Comparing accuracy, baseline, and time required for positions. SPS, PPS = autonomous position. OTF=on-the-fly kinematic post-processing. RTK=real time OTF kinematic..

6. Summary of the approximate accuracy of GPS positioning versus methods. (Modified from Featherstone, 1995)

7. RTK Base Station Radio Transmitter GPS Base Antenna

8. RTK Rover Station

9. Diffuse reflection

10. 904 nm diffuse fractional reflections of common material

11. A BC D E F Common Type of Reflector Laser Rangefinder A. Laser Atlanta Advantage CI B. Riegl Scout. C. Leica Binocs. D. Laser Atlanta Advantage CI with PRO XL DGPS. E. LaserTech Criterion. F. LaserTech Impulse.

12. ManufacturerCon.Max. Range(m) Comp.EncoderHor., Ver; Range(m) Laser Atlanta yes500yes 0.1-0.5;0.2;0.15 MDL yes100-500yes 0.1-0.5;0.2;0.15 ALS(MDL+LA) yes500noTheod0.01;0.01;0.15 ALS(MDL+Riegl) yes1000noTheod0.01;0.01;0.15 Laser Tech. no2200yesno0.5;0.2;0.15 Leica no100yesno0.5;0.1;0.15 Riegl Can700no ?;0.2;0.15 Total StationMay100-200noTheod0.01;0.01;0.01 Characteristics of common types of laser rangefinders ALS = MDL theodolite with a Laser Atlanta (LA) or Riegl laser rangefinder.