1. M Taimoor Khan taimoorkhan@ciit-attock.edu.pk

2. Course Objectives 1) Basic Concepts 2) Tools 3) Database architecture and design 4) Flow of data (DFDs) 5) Mappings (ERDs) 6) Formulating queries (Relational algebra) 7) Implementing Schema 8) Built-in Functions 9) Extracting data 10) Working with Joins 11) Normalization 12) Improving performance 13) Advanced topics

3. Normalization Why Normalization Functional Dependency Armstrong’s Axioms First Normal Form (1NF) Second Normal Form (2NF) o Third Normal Form (3NF) o Boyce - Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

4. Third Normal Form  A relational table is in third normal form (3NF) if it is already in 2NF and every non-key column is non-transitively dependent upon its primary key

5.  In this table: CustomerID and ProdID depend on the OrderID and no other column (good) Stated another way, “If you know the OrderID, you know the CustID and the ProdID”  So: OrderID  CustID, ProdID

6.  But there are some fields that are not dependent on OrderID: Total is the simple product of Price*Quantity. As such, has a transitive dependency to Price and Quantity. Because it is a calculated value, doesn’t need to be included at all.

7.  Also, we can see that Price isn’t really dependent on ProdID, or OrderID. Customer 1001 bought AB-111 for $50 (in order 1) and for $75 (in order 7), while 1002 spent $60 for each item in order 2.

8.  Maybe price is dependent on the ProdID and Quantity: The more you buy of a given product the cheaper that product becomes!  So we ask the business manager and she tells us that this is the case.

9.  We say that Price has a transitive dependency on ProdID and Quantity. This means that Price isn’t just determined by the OrderID. It is also determined by the size (or quantity) of the order (and of course what is ordered).

10.  Let’s diagram the dependencies.  We can see that all fields are dependent on OrderID, the Primary Key (white lines)

11.  But Total is also determined by Price and Quantity (yellow lines) This is a derived field (Price x Quantity = Total) We can save a lot of space by getting rid of it altogether and just calculating total when we need it

12.  Price is also determined by both ProdID and Quantity rather than the primary key (red lines). This is called a transitive dependency. We must get rid of transitive dependencies to have 3NF.

13.  We do this by moving the transitive dependency into a second table…

14.  By splitting out the table, we can quickly adjust our price table to meet our competitor, or if the prices changes from our suppliers.

15.  The second table is our pricing list.  Think of Quantity as a range: AB-111: 1-100, 101-500, 501 and more ZA-245: 1-10, 11-50, 51 and more  The primary Key for this second table is a composite of ProdID and Quantity.

16.  Congratulations! We’re now in 3NF!  We can also quickly figure out what price to offer our customers for any quantity they want.

17.  A database is in 3NF if: It is in 2NF It has no transitive dependencies ○ A transitive dependency exists when one attribute (or field) is determined by another non-key attribute (or field) ○ We remove fields with a transitive dependency to a new table and link them by a foreign key.

18. Boyce - Codd Normal Form  A relation is in Boyce-Codd normal form if and only if every determinant is a candidate key.

19. Normalization Normalization! Functional Dependency Armstrong’s Axioms First Normal Form (1NF) Second Normal Form (2NF) Third Normal Form (3NF) Boyce - Codd Normal Form (BCNF)

20. Next Lecture  Indexes