2. Auditory (Sound)  Beaver – tail slapping in water when alarmed  Kangaroo Rat – foot drumming (establish territories, identify neighbors, mating status)  Foot Drumming of Kangaroo Rat Foot Drumming of Kangaroo Rat  Owl – hooting  Ultrasonic/Infrasonic sounds  Bats, whales, elephants, crocodiles

3. Visual  Courtship Dances  Ex. Clark’s Grebes Mating DanceMating Dance  Ex. Andean Flamingo Courtship DancingCourtship Dancing  Fireflies  Aposematic Coloration  Bees  Dance for food location (Waggle Dance)Waggle Dance

4. Olfactory (Smell)  Skunk – Warning (Spraying Video)Spraying Video  Hyena – Paste (Pasting Video)Pasting Video  Dogs – Urinate  Pheromones – chemical signals (subconscious)  Ants, Bees, Moths

5. Tactile (Touch)  Nuzzling – affection, in wolves used to show submission to higher ranking wolves  Licking - greeting  Grooming