1. POWERPOINT ® LECTURE SLIDE PRESENTATION by LYNN CIALDELLA, MA, MBA, The University of Texas at Austin Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOURTH EDITION DEE UNGLAUB SILVERTHORN UNIT 2 PART B 9 The Central Nervous System

2. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure 9-14 Brain Function: Reflex Pathways in the Brain

3. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Cerebral Cortex  Three specializations  Sensory areas  Sensory input translated into perception  Motor areas  Direct skeletal muscle movement  Association areas  Integrate information from sensory and motor areas  Can direct voluntary behaviors

4. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex Figure 9-15

5. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Cerebral Lateralization Each lobe has special functions Figure 9-16

6. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Sensory Information  Primary somatic sensory cortex  From skin, musculoskeletal system, and viscera  Somatosensory pathways  Touch  Temperature  Pain  Itch  Body position

7. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Sensory Information  Special senses have devoted regions  Visual cortex  Auditory cortex  Olfactory cortex  Gustatory cortex  Processed into perception

8. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Motor System  Three major types  Skeletal muscle movement  Somatic motor division  Neuroendocrine signals  Hypothalamus and adrenal medulla  Visceral responses  Autonomic division  Voluntary movement  Primary motor cortex and motor association

9. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Behavioral State  Modulator of sensory and cognitive processes  Neurons known as diffuse modulatory systems  In reticular formation in brain stem

10. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Behavioral State  Four modulatory systems  Adrenergic  Serotonergic  Sopaminergic  Cholinergic

11. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Behavioral State

12. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: States of Arousal Electroencephalograms (EEGs) and the sleep cycle Reticular activating system keeps “conscious brain” awake Figure 9-20a

13. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Sleep  Four stages with two major phases  Slow-wave sleep  Adjust body without conscious commands  REM sleep  Brain activity inhibits motor neurons to skeletal muscle, paralyzing them  Dreaming takes place  Circadian rhythm  Suprachiasmatic nucleus

14. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Emotion and Motivation The link between emotions and physiological functions Figure 9-21

15. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Motivation  Defined as internal signals that shape voluntary behavior  Some states known as drives  Work with autonomic and endocrine responses  Motivated behaviors stop  Satiety

16. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Moods  Similar to emotions but longer-lasting  Mood disorders  Fourth leading cause of illness worldwide today  Depression  Sleep and appetite disturbances  Alteration of mood and libido  Antidepressant drugs alter synaptic transmission

17. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Learning and Memory  Learning has two broad types  Associative  Nonassociative  Habituation  Sensitization  Memory has several types  Short-term and long-term  Reflexive and declarative

18. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Memory Processing Memory is stored as memory traces Figure 9-22

19. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Memory Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive disease of cognitive impairment characterized by memory loss

20. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Language Cerebral processing of spoken and visual language Damage to Wernicke’s causes receptive aphasia Figure 9-23a

21. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Language Damage to Broca’s area causes expressive aphasia Figure 9-23b

22. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Brain Function: Personality  Combination of experience and inheritance  Schizophrenia  Both genetic and environmental basis

23. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary  Emergent properties  Evolution of CNS  Anatomy of CNS  Neural tube, gray and white matter, tracts, meninges, and cranium  Choroid plexus, CSF, and blood-brain barrier  Spinal cord  Spinal nerves, dorsal root, dorsal root ganglia, ventral roots, ascending tracts, descending tracts, propriospinal tracts, and spinal reflexes

24. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary: Brain  Brain stem, cranial nerves, reticular formation, medulla oblongata, somatosensory tract, corticospinal tract, and pyramid  Pons, midbrain, cerebellum, diencephalon, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pineal gland, and corpus callosum  Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes  Cerebral cortex, basal ganglia, limbic system, amygdala, cingulate gyrus, and hippocampus

25. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary: Brain Function  Sensory system, cognitive system, and behavioral state system  Sensory areas, motor areas, association areas, and cerebral lateralization  Primary somatic sensory cortex, visual cortex, auditory cortex gustatory cortex, and olfactory cortex  Association areas and perception

26. Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Summary: Brain Function (continued)  Primary motor cortex, motor association area, behavioral state system, diffuse modulatory systems, and reticular activating system  Circadian rhythms, sleep, motivation, and moods  Learning, habituation, memory, and consolidation