1. Chapter 10 Motivation and Emotion

2. Table of Contents Motivational Theories and Concepts Motives – needs, wants, desires leading to goal- directed behavior Drive theories – seeking homeostasis (equalibrium) Incentive theories – regulation by external stimuli Evolutionary theories – maximizing reproductive success - natural selection favors behaviors that maximize reproductive success

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4. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Biological Factors Brain regulation –Lateral and ventromedial hypothalamus –Paraventricular nucleus Glucose and digestive regulation –Glucostatic theory glucostats – neurons sensitive to glucose in the surrounding fluid Hormonal regulation –Insulin and leptin

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6. The Motivation of Hunger and Eating: Environmental Factors Learned preferences and habits –Exposure –When, as well as what Food-related cues –Appearance, odor, effort required Stress –Link between heightened arousal/negative emotion and overeating

7. Table of Contents Eating and Weight: The Roots of Obesity Evolutionary explanations – food abundance Genetic predisposition –Body Mass Index and adoption study The concept of set point/settling point Dietary restraint – starve/excess cycle

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9. Sexual Motivation and Behavior: Determining Desire Hormonal regulation –Estrogens –Androgens –Testosterone Pheromones –Synchronized menstrual cycles Aphrodisiacs – substances that increase desire Erotic materials Attraction to a Partner The Coolidge effect Evolutionary factors – parental investment

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15. The Mystery of Sexual Orientation Heterosexual – Bisexual – Homosexual –A continuum Theories explaining homosexuality –Environmental –Biological – anterior hypothalamus, X chromosome Some theorists believe that anatomical brain differences such as these may be due to the organizing effects of prenatal hormones on neurological development. –Interactionist- The interactionist view holds that genes and prenatal hormones shape a child’s temperament, which initiates a chain of events that ultimately shapes sexual orientation.

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19. The Human Sexual Response Masters and Johnson – 1966 Stages: –Excitement –Plateau –Orgasm –Resolution

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22. Affiliation and Achievement Motivation Affiliation motive = need for social bonds –Devote more time to interpersonal activities –Worry more about acceptance Achievement motive = need to excel –Work harder and more persistently –Delay gratification –Pursue competitive careers –Situational influences on achievement motives (probability) –Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

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24. The Elements of Emotional Experience Cognitive component –Subjective conscious experience –Positive psychology - increasing research on contentment, well- being, human strength, and positive emotion. Physiological component –Bodily (autonomic) arousal – limbic system (fight of flight) In the brain, the limbic system is the emotional circuit (the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and adjacent structures); Joseph LeDoux (1996) has shown that the amygdala plays a particularly central role in modulating emotions. Behavioral component –Characteristic overt expressions Behaviorally, emotions are expressed through body language and facial expressions. Research indicates considerable cross-cultural similarities in the ability to differentiate facial expressions of emotion. The facial- feedback hypothesis holds that facial muscles send signals to the brain that help it recognize the emotion being experienced…smile and feel better.

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28. Theories of Emotion James-Lange –Feel afraid because pulse is racing Cannon-Bard –Thalamus sends signals simultaneously to the cortex and the autonomic nervous system Schacter’s Two-Factor Theory –Look to external cues to decide what to feel Evolutionary Theories –Innate reactions with little cognitive interpretation

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31. Happiness Common sense notions incorrect –Income, age, parenthood, intelligence, and attractiveness largely uncorrelated –Physical health, good social relationships, religious faith, and culture modestly correlated –Love, marriage, work satisfaction, and personality strongly correlated Subjective rather than objective reality important Display rules – cultural norms that regulate the appropriate expression of emotions (Paul Ekman).

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