1. AMALGAM Dr shabeel pn

2. DEFINITION Dental amalgam is a metal like restorative material composed of a mixture of silver/tin/copper alloy and mercury. Dental amalgam is a metal like restorative material composed of a mixture of silver/tin/copper alloy and mercury.

3. HISTORY Amalgam has been primary restorative material for more than 150 yrs. Amalgam has been primary restorative material for more than 150 yrs. Initially, amalgam restorations were made by dentists filing silver coins and mixing the filings with mercury. Initially, amalgam restorations were made by dentists filing silver coins and mixing the filings with mercury. This was made to a putty like mass that was placed into the defective tooth. This was made to a putty like mass that was placed into the defective tooth.

4. USES  AS CLASS 1,2,5 RESTORATION.  AS FOUNDATION- IN COMBINATION WITH RETENTIVE PINS TO RESTORE CROWN.  FOR MAKING DIES.  FOR RETROGRADE ROOT CANAL FILLING.  AS CARIES CONTROL RESTORATION.

5. Components of dental amalgam 1)Amalgam alloy 2)Mercury

6. CLASSIFICATION

7. Classification of dental amalgam alloys BASED ON Cu CONTENT HIGH Cu ALLOYS > 6% Cu SINGLE COMPOSITION ADMIXED REGULARUNICOMPOSITION LOW Cu ALLOYS < 6% Cu

8. BASED ON Zn CONTENT Zn CONTAINING > 1% Zn Zn FREE ALLOY < 1% Zn

9. BASED ON SHAPE OF ALLOY LATHECUTSPHERICALADMIXED

10. BASED ON NUMBER OF ALLOY METAL BINARY Ag,Sn TERTIARY Ag,Sn,Cu QUATERNARY Ag,Sn,Cu,Zn

11. BASED ON SIZE OF ALLOY MICROCUT \FINE CUT MACROCUT \COURSE CUT

12. MANUFATURE OF ALLOY POWDER 1)LATHECUT ALLOY POWDER 1)LATHECUT ALLOY POWDER 2)SPHERICAL ALLOY POWDER 2)SPHERICAL ALLOY POWDER

13. COMPARISON OF LATHECUT WITH ATOMIZED SPHERICAL POWDER  AMALGAM FROM LATHECUT \ ADMIXED POWDER,TEND TO RESIST CONDEN-SATION BETTER THAN AMALGAM MADE ENTIRELLY FROM SPHERICAL POWDER.  AMALGAM OF SPHERICAL POWDER ARE VERY PLASTIC- CANNOT RELY ON PRESSURE OF CONDENSATION TO ESTABLISH PROXIMAL CONTOUR.  SPHERICAL ALLOYS REQUIRE < Hg THAN LATHECUT ALLOY DUE TO SMALL SURFACE AREA PER VOLUME.  AMALGAM WITH LOW Hg CONTENT –BETTER PROPERTIES.

16. COMPOSITION

17. COMPOSITION Low Copper: Low Copper: Silver - 63-70% Silver - 63-70% Tin - 26-29% Tin - 26-29% Copper - 2-5% Copper - 2-5% Zinc – 0-2% Zinc – 0-2%

18. Admixed: Silver – 40-70% Silver – 40-70% Tin - 26-30% Tin - 26-30% Copper-13-30% Copper-13-30% Zinc - 0-1% Zinc - 0-1%

19. Unicompositional : Silver- 40-60% Silver- 40-60% Tin - 22-30% Tin - 22-30% Copper-13-30% Copper-13-30% Zinc -0% Zinc -0%

20. FUNCTION OF EACH CONSTITUENT  SILVER:-  MAJOR ELEMENT.  WHITENS ALLOY.  DECREASES CREEP.  INCREASES STRENGTH.  INCREASES EXPANSION ON SETTING.  INCREASES TARNISHING RESISTANCE IN RESULTING AMALGAM.

21.  TIN:-  CONTROLS THE REACTION BETWEEN Ag & Hg.  REDUCES STRENGH & HARDNESS.  REDUCES RESISTANCE TO TARNISH & CORROSION.  COPPER:-  INCREASES HARDNESS & STRENGTH.  INCRESES SETTING EXPANSION.

22.  ZINC:-  SMALL AMOUNT –NOT AFFECT SETTING REACTION \ PROPERTIES OF AMALGAM.  ACT AS A SCAVENGER \ DEOXIDISER.  WITHOUT Zn ALLOYS ARE MORE BRITTLE & AMALGAM FORMED LESS PLASTIC.  CAUSES DELAYED EXPANSION, IF CONTAMINATED WITH MOISTURE DURING MANIPULATION.  BENEFICIAL EFFECT ON CORROSION & MARGINAL INTEGRATION.

23.  PLATINUM:-  HARDENS THE ALLOY & INCREASES THE RESISTANCE TO CORROSION.  PALLADIUM:-  HARDENS THE ALLOY.  WHITENS THE ALLOY.  PRE AMALGAMATED ALLOYS:- SMALL AMOUNT UPTO 3% OF Hg IS ADDED TO THE ALLOY BY MANUFACTURER. SMALL AMOUNT UPTO 3% OF Hg IS ADDED TO THE ALLOY BY MANUFACTURER.

24. RECENT DEVELOPMENT OF D.AMALGAM Mercury free direct filling amalgam alloys Mercury free direct filling amalgam alloys Gallium based alloys Gallium based alloys Low mercury amalgams Low mercury amalgams Indium in mercury Indium in mercury

25. AMALGAMATION

26. AMALGAMATION AND RESULTING MICROSTRUCTURE.  DURING TRITURATION Ag & Sn IN THE OUTER PORTION OF THE PARTICLES DISSOLVE INTO Hg. Hg DIFFUSES INTO ALLOY PARTICLES.  Hg HAS LIMITED SOLUBILITY FOR Ag (.035WT%) & Sn (.6wt%).  AMALGAMATION OCCURS WHEN Hg CONTACTS THE SURFACE OF Ag-Sn ALLOY PARTICLES.  WHEN THE SOLUBILITY IN Hg EXEEDED- CRYSTALS OF 2 BINARY METTALIC COMPOUND PRECIPITATE INTO Hg. THESE ARE BCC Ag2Hg3 & HEXAGONAL Sn7-8Hg.

28. Low copper Alloys Ag 3 Sn+Hg > Ag 2 Hg 3 + Sn 8 Hg + Ag 3 Sn Ag 3 Sn+Hg > Ag 2 Hg 3 + Sn 8 Hg + Ag 3 Sn (r) (r 1 ) (r 2 ) (unreacted) (r) (r 1 ) (r 2 ) (unreacted)

29. High Copper Alloys (1) Admixed alloys Ag 3 Sn + Ag-Cu +Hg>Ag 2 Hg 3 + Sn 8 Hg + Ag 3 Sn + AgCu Ag 3 Sn + Ag-Cu +Hg>Ag 2 Hg 3 + Sn 8 Hg + Ag 3 Sn + AgCu LATER, Sn 8 Hg + AgCu > Cu 6 Sn 5 + Ag 2 Hg 3 (r 2 ) (eutectic) (n) (r 1 )

30. Single Composition AgSnCu+ Hg > Cu6Sn5 + Ag2Hg3 +AgSnCu

31. PROPERTIES OF SET AMALGAM. MICROLEAKAGE. MICROLEAKAGE. DIMENSIONAL CHANGES. DIMENSIONAL CHANGES. STRENGTH. STRENGTH. CREEP. CREEP. TARNISH & CORROSION. TARNISH & CORROSION.

32. MICROLEAKAGE. OCCURS DUE TO PENETRATION OF FLUIDS OR DEBRIS AROUND THE MARGINS THAT CAN LEAD TO SECONDARY CARIES. AMALGAM HAS GOT A SELF SEALING PROPERTY – CORROSION PRODUCT WILL FILL THE TOOTH RESTORATION INTERFACE & PREVENT MICROLEAKAGE. OCCURS DUE TO PENETRATION OF FLUIDS OR DEBRIS AROUND THE MARGINS THAT CAN LEAD TO SECONDARY CARIES. AMALGAM HAS GOT A SELF SEALING PROPERTY – CORROSION PRODUCT WILL FILL THE TOOTH RESTORATION INTERFACE & PREVENT MICROLEAKAGE.

33. ACCORDING TO ADA SPECIFICATION,IT SHOULD NOT EXPAD OR CONTRACT MORE THAN 20u\cm AT 37 degree celcious BETWEEN 5min AND 24hrs AFTER BEGINNING OF TRITURATION. MODERN AMALGAM ALWAYS SHOWS CONTRACTION. OLDER AMALGAM SHOWS EXPANSION. DIMENSIONAL CHANGES CONTRACTIONEXPANSION

34. CONTRACTION. RESULT IN MICROLEAKAGE & SECON – DARY CARIES. RESULT IN MICROLEAKAGE & SECON – DARY CARIES. FACTORS FAVOURING CONTRACTION FACTORS FAVOURING CONTRACTION  LONGER TRITURATION TIME.  HIGHER CONDENSATION PRESSURE.  SMALL PARTICLE SIZE.  Hg ALLOY RATIO.

35. EXPANSION. IF A Zn CONTAINING LOW Cu \ HIGH Cu IS CONTAMINATED DURING TRITURATION \ CONDENSATION,A LARGE EXPANSION TAKE PLACE.IT USUALLY STARTS FROM 3-5 DAYS AND CONTINUE FOR MONTHS CREATING VALUES UPTO MORE THAN 400um – DELAYED EXPANSION. IF A Zn CONTAINING LOW Cu \ HIGH Cu IS CONTAMINATED DURING TRITURATION \ CONDENSATION,A LARGE EXPANSION TAKE PLACE.IT USUALLY STARTS FROM 3-5 DAYS AND CONTINUE FOR MONTHS CREATING VALUES UPTO MORE THAN 400um – DELAYED EXPANSION. H2O + Zn ZnO + H2 H2O + Zn ZnO + H2 PROTRUSION OF RESTORATION OUT OF CAVITY PROTRUSION OF RESTORATION OUT OF CAVITY INCREASE CREEP INCREASE CREEP INCREASE MICROLEAKAGE INCREASE MICROLEAKAGE PITTED SURFACE OF RESTORATION & CORROSION. PITTED SURFACE OF RESTORATION & CORROSION.

37. STRENGTH. AMALGAM IS SRONGEST IN COMPRE- SSION & MUCH WEAKER IN TENSION & SHEAR, THE PREPARD CAVITY DESIGN SHOULD MAXIMIZE THE COMPRESSION FORCES IN SERVICE & MINIMIZE TENSION \ SHEAR FORCES. AMALGAM IS SRONGEST IN COMPRE- SSION & MUCH WEAKER IN TENSION & SHEAR, THE PREPARD CAVITY DESIGN SHOULD MAXIMIZE THE COMPRESSION FORCES IN SERVICE & MINIMIZE TENSION \ SHEAR FORCES.

38. CREEP. DEFINED AS A TIME DEPENDENT PLASTIC DEFORMATION UNDER CONSTANT STRESS. DEFINED AS A TIME DEPENDENT PLASTIC DEFORMATION UNDER CONSTANT STRESS. ACCORDING TO ADA SPECIFICATION NO 1 CREEP SHOULD BE BELOW 3%. ACCORDING TO ADA SPECIFICATION NO 1 CREEP SHOULD BE BELOW 3%. CREEP OF LOW Cu AMALGAM IS 0.8-8% & HIGH Cu IS 0.4-1%. CREEP OF LOW Cu AMALGAM IS 0.8-8% & HIGH Cu IS 0.4-1%.

41. MANIPULATION

42. MANIPULATION (1) Selection of materials (1) Selection of materials (2) Mercury:Alloy ratio (2) Mercury:Alloy ratio (3) Trituration (3) Trituration (4) Mulling (4) Mulling (5) Condensation (5) Condensation (6) Shaping & finishing (6) Shaping & finishing

43. SELECTION OF MATERALS a) ALLOY b) MERCURY c) DISPENSORS d) PRE PROPOTION CAPSULE

47. MERCURY: ALLOY RATIO (1) Squeezing cloth (2) Increased dryness technique (1) EAMES technique

48. TRITURATION (1)Hand mixing (2)Mechanical

50. MULLING Improve homogenity of mass & get a single consistent mix Improve homogenity of mass & get a single consistent mix

51. CONDENSATION (1) Hand condensation (2) Mech.condensation

52. SHAPING & FINISHING.  CARVING.  BURNISHING.  POLISHING.

56. MERCURY TOXICITY.

59. PRECAUTIONS Ventilation Ventilation Disposal Disposal Sealed containers Sealed containers Vaccum cleaners Vaccum cleaners

61. INDICATIONS (1) Moderate to Large Class I & Class II Restorations (2) Class V Restorations (3) Temporary Caries Control Restorations (4) Foundations

62. CONTRAINDICATIONS (1)Esthetics (2)Extensive tooth destruction (3)Small Class I & II Cavities

63. CAVITY PREPARATIONS FOR AMALGAM RESTORATION

64. What is a Cavity Preparation? It is a mechanical alteration of a defective, injured, or diseased tooth to receive a restorative material that re- establishes a healthy state for the tooth, including esthetics corrections where indicated & normal form & function. It is a mechanical alteration of a defective, injured, or diseased tooth to receive a restorative material that re- establishes a healthy state for the tooth, including esthetics corrections where indicated & normal form & function.

65. STEPS IN CAVITY PREPARATION (1) Initial Cavity preparation (2) Final Cavity Preparation

66. Initial… 1. Outline form & initial depth 2. Primary Resistance form 3. Primary Retention form 4. Convenience form

67. Final… 1. Removal of any remaining defective Enamel or Dentin on Pulpal floor 2. Pulp protection 3. Finishing External Walls 4. Final Cleaning & Inspection

69. CLASS I They are restorations on occlusal surfaces of premolars & molars, occlusal 2/3 rd of facial & lingual surface of molars & lingual surface of maxillary incisors They are restorations on occlusal surfaces of premolars & molars, occlusal 2/3 rd of facial & lingual surface of molars & lingual surface of maxillary incisors

73. CLASS II They are reostorations on the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth- mesio occlusal, disto occlusal, mesio occluso distal They are reostorations on the proximal surfaces of posterior teeth- mesio occlusal, disto occlusal, mesio occluso distal

77. CLASS III They are restorations on the proximal surface of anterior teeth that that do not involve incisal angle. They are restorations on the proximal surface of anterior teeth that that do not involve incisal angle.

78. CLASS V They are restorations on gingival 1/3 rd of facial & lingual surface of all teeth. They are restorations on gingival 1/3 rd of facial & lingual surface of all teeth.

79. CLASS VI They are restorations on incisal edge of anterior teeth or cusp tip region of posterior teeth. They are restorations on incisal edge of anterior teeth or cusp tip region of posterior teeth.

80. FAILURES OF AMALGAM RESTORATIONS

81. Signs of failures : 1. Fracture Lines 2. Marginal Ditching 3. Proximal Overhangs 4. Poor anatomic contours 5. Marginal Ridge incompatibility 6. Improper Proximal Contacts 7. Recurrent Caries 8. Poor occlusal Contacts 9. Amalgam Blues

82. Reasons For Failures: 1. Improper Case Selection 2. Improper Cavity Preparation 3. Faulty Selection & manipulation of Amalgam 4. Errors in Maricing Procedures 5. Post Operative Factors

88. AMALGAM TATOO “ Accidental implantation of silver containing compounds into oral mucosal tissue” “ Accidental implantation of silver containing compounds into oral mucosal tissue” Occur: Occur: 1. Removal of old amalgam 2. Broken Pieces-socket-tooth extraction 3. Particles entering surgical wound 4. Amalgam dust in oral fluids- abrasion areas Seen as – Grayish black pigmentation Seen as – Grayish black pigmentation Com. Sites- Gingiva, buccal mucosa, alveolar mucosa Com. Sites- Gingiva, buccal mucosa, alveolar mucosa

90. CONCLUSION Class I & II Restorations are still common procedures performed by general Dentists. Class I & II Restorations are still common procedures performed by general Dentists. Class VI are used infrequently Class VI are used infrequently It is important for practitioners to understand the indications, advantages, techniques & limitations of these restorations. It is important for practitioners to understand the indications, advantages, techniques & limitations of these restorations. When used correctly & properly selected cases, these restorations have the potential to serve for many years When used correctly & properly selected cases, these restorations have the potential to serve for many years

91. THANK YOU!!!!