1. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Introduction to Communication The Basic model of Communication Encoding and Decoding Verbal and Nonverbal Communication Factors of Verbal Communication by Jacobson Model of Speech Circuit by de Saussure Bühler`s Organon Model ``The Four Sides Model`` by Schulz von Thun Behavioristic Model by Bloomfield Shannon & Weaver`s Transmission Model Conclusion

2. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Definition of communication: The process of creating and sharing meaning through the transmission and exchange of signs. This process requires interaction within oneself, between people, or between people and machines. Definiton of model of communication: A model of communication is a consciously simplified description of a communication process which is usually expressed in graphic form as a diagramm showing the elements of the process and how they relate to each other. Introduction to Communication

3. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser The Basic Model of Communication message sender receiver

4. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Encoding and Decoding experience, feelings, history, expectations, fears sender receiver sends information feelings, experience, history, fears expectations, of individual inner life

5. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser In our society nonverbal communication takes place in different situations: Expressing emotion Expression of interpersonal attitude Zeremonies or rite Compensation for language Component of commercials and politics Watzlawick`s first theorem: ``You cannot not communicate`` Verbal and Nonverbal Communication

6. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Congruent or incongruent communication

7. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Language should not be discussed without having a look on it`s functions Structuralism: language as a system Sender/ receiver model by Roman Jacobson Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson

8. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser referential function (denotative) refers to the context of the message Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson

9. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Expressive function (emotive) refers to the sender Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson

10. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Conative function (appelative) refers to the receiver Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson

11. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Phatic function Refers to the channel Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson

12. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Metalinguistic function refers to the used code Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson

13. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Poetic function refers to the aethetic part of the message Factors of verbal communication by Jacobson

14. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser de Saussure‘s Model of Speech Circuit

15. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Ferdinand de Saussure: linguist from Geneva Communication as simultaneous process 2 elements: Phonation and Audition PHONATION: Concept  Acoustic image AUDITION: Acoustic image  Concept de Saussure`s Model of Speech Circuit

16. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser can be split into five steps (psychic, psycho-physical or physical) step three can be seen as a symmetry axis where the process of communication is mirrored de Saussure‘ s Model of Speech Circuit

17. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser „Language is a tool one uses to tell the other about something“ In a model of signs, every part gets its meaning from the relation to other signs of the system Bühler`s Organon model

18. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser

19. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser factual side appeal side relation side self revelation side `` The four sides model`` by Friedemann Schulz von Thun Watzlawick`s second theorem says that every communication has an aspect of content and relation, as such as relation determines the content and is therefore metacommunication.

20. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Human actions (language as well) are caused by outer influences Stimulus -------------- response The verbal act of communication connects two nonverbal events The behavioristic model by Bloomfield

21. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Shannon&Weaver: engineers working for an American phone company Goal: ensure maximum efficiency of phone cables and radio waves very popular model Shannon&Weaver‘s TransmissionModel

22. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model The original model consists of 5 elements:

23. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Also:input  intended message output  received message Noise: “Any inference with the message travelling along the channel which may lead to the signal received being different from that sent.“ Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model

24. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Moles: Communication can only take place succesfully if sender and receiver share a common code. Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model

25. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Advantages:-simplicity -generality -quantifiabiltiy Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model

26. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Do you think that transmission models are appropriate to represent natural human communication? Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model

27. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Transmission Models tend to neglect many aspects of human communication Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model

28. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Transport metaphor Communication consists of a sender sending a package of information to a receiver “conveying meaning“, “getting the idea across“, “transferring information“ But isn‘t communication a bit more than transferring information? Ref. Jacobson Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model

29. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser No opportunity for interaction between sender and receiver Both are fixed on their roles Ref.: de Saussure who considers communication as a simultaneous process Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model

30. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Transmission models assume that meaning automatically is contained in the message Ref.: Four Sides Model Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model

31. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser No allowance for social, situational, cultural etc context But: communication appears to be impossible without context Relationship: different communication with a friend or a superior Shannon&Weaver‘s Tranmission Model

32. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Different medium can imply different purposes letters, text messages, e-mail, phone call, spoken communication Shannon&Weaver‘s Transmission Model

33. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Transmission Model fails to cover all aspect of human communication But: the other models as well can only represent fragments Any model achieves to represent these complex correlation in a whole Conclusion

34. Ethnographic Approaches to Communication - Models of Communication 29 April 2002Prof. Dr. J. Beneke, SS 2002 Antje Lorenz, Björn Bauer, Ines Gläser Burton, G., Dimbleby, R. (1992), More Than Words: An introduction to communication. Routledge: London, New York Herkner, Werner (1991), Sozialpsychologie. Hans Huber: Bern, Stuttgart, Toronto Pelz, H. (2000), Linguistik: eine Einführung. campe paperback: Hamburg Chandler, D., http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/trans.html#A, 21.04.02http://www.aber.ac.uk/media/Documents/short/trans.html#A Gibbon, D., http://coral.lili.uni- bielefeld.de/classes/summer96/Textdesc/funslides/node2.html, 24.02.02http://coral.lili.uni- bielefeld.de/classes/summer96/Textdesc/funslides/node2.html http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-2.html, 16.04.02http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-2.html http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-1.html, 16.04.02http://www.uni-kassel.de/fb8/misc/1fb/html/text/6-1.html http://www.stangl- taller.at/ARBEITSBLAETTER/KOMMUNIKATION/default.html, 21.04.02http://www.stangl- taller.at/ARBEITSBLAETTER/KOMMUNIKATION/default.html Bibliography