2. Gender pay gap In Egypt Prepared by Wafaa Maged Ahmed

3. 3 1)What are the challenges negatively affect the ability of Egyptian women to participation in economic life? 2)What are the reasons for the gap in wages? 3)What forms of discrimination in the private, public and Government sector?

4. Challenges negatively affect the ability of Egyptian women to participation in economic life 3)Rate of women's participation in the labor force is less than the Participate of men. 2)High unemployment rate among females compared to males1)Gender discrimination in the Egyptian labor market. 4

5. unemployment rates & rate of participation in the labor force Source: CAPMAS, Labor Force Survey, 2010 5

6. Challenges negatively affect the ability of Egyptian women to participation in economic life 4)Inappropriate working conditions for women in the labor market.5)The undervaluing of women’s work.6)Unequal balance of work and private life. 6

7. Challenges negatively affect the ability of Egyptian women to participation in economic life 7)Society's perception toward women’s work.8)Discrimination in wages between men and women. 7

8. Reasons for the gap in wages 1)Gender discrimination in the Egyptian labor market.2)Expectations of low-level performance for women.3)Expectations of women for lower wages than men. 8

9. Reasons for the gap in wages 4)Lack of skills for women. 5)There are multiple channels of discrimination, particularly in the private sector in terms of wages, bonuses and incentives. 6)The employer, particularly in private sector may prefer the appointment of men in higher degrees of functionality. 9

10. Forms of discrimination in the private, public and Government sector 10

11. Concentration of females in the lowest sequence career Discrimination in the Public and government sector Women Less likely than men to get the means of production such as Education, skills…ect 11

12. The private sector Women themselves Discrimination in private sector 12 Extent working time

13. Reluctant to hire women because women's employment in informal sector T he private sector The cost of maternity and motherhood Egyptian labor laws Social protection Health insurance Join trade unions This implies depriving women from 13

14. Thank you for your attention 17

15. The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics CAPMAS www.capmas.go.eg 18