2. Journal: ► Describe the characteristics and nature of an obsessed, “super fan” (of a team, a band, a genre, etc.). List at least 4.

3. Rise of Fascism ► Fascism  A political movement emphasizing extreme nationalism, a denial of individual rights, & a dictatorial one-party rule.

4. Characteristics ► Pledge of loyalty to a nation ► Must be militaristic  Peaceful countries get conquered ► Loyalty to authoritarian leader ► Uniforms, salutes, mass rallies ► Glory of past Empires

5. Case Study - Italy ► Social Unrest  Screwed over after WWI  Inflation, Unemployment, Depression  Fear of Communist Revolution

6. Benito Mussolini [1883-1945]

7. Rise of Benito Mussolini ► Promises to revive economy, military, Roman Empire ► Forms Fascist Party (The Black Shirts)  Criticized Gov. attacked other parties (Communist) ► March on Rome, takes power

8. Italian Fasces

9. March on Rome [1922]

10. Il Duce’s Reign ► Outlaws all political parties ► Controls Media ► Secret Police ► Outlaws strikes – sides with wealthy

11. Rise of Hitler ► Born in Austria 1889 ► “That nobody from Bohemia” ► Failure until WWI

13. ►1►1►1►1919-1923 ►M►M►M►Many Germans were disillusioned after the defeat in the First World war. Ex-soldiers felt that they had been ‘stabbed in the back’ and felt that they had not been defeated on the battlefield. Many of them joined right wing groups such as the Freikorps or the Nazi party. ►T►T►T►The Spartacist rising, amongst others, led to many people fearing a Communist revolution in Germany. People looked to right wing groups to act against this, the Freikorps in particular. ►E►E►E►Economic hardship was coupled with humiliation as a result of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. Right wing groups gained popularity by saying that they would not adhere to its terms.

14. From the German Point of View  Lost—but not forgotten country.  Into the heart You are to dig yourself these words as into stone: Which we have lost may not be truly lost!

15. Maimed German WW I Veteran

16. German Freikorps

17. Sparticist Poster

18. Joins Nazi Party (National Socialists German Workers Party) NSDAPJoins Nazi Party (National Socialists German Workers Party) NSDAP “German” Fascism“German” Fascism

19. continue ► Hitler attempts a revolution & is arrested ► Writes “Mein Kampf” in jail  Becomes blueprint of Nazism  Racial Purity, more land for Germans

20. Why was Hitler anti-Semitic?

21. continue ► Gains public support ► How?  Propaganda  Sense of belonging  Fear  Speech ► Emotional, suspenseful, performance

22. “A Triumph of the Will”

24. Characteristics of Totalitarian States ► Totalitarianism  Government control over every aspect of public & private life ► 1. Single – party dictatorship  Fascist (Italy)  Nazi (Germany)  Communism (USSR)

25. continue ► 2 - State control economy  Communism

26. continue ► 3 - Use of police, spies, and terrorism  Gestapo, KGB, Great Purges

27. continue ► 4 - Strict censorship & government control of media  Control information ► Propaganda

28. continue ► 5 - Use of schools and media to indoctrinate (teach) & mobilize citizens  Mein Kampf – Propaganda  Hitler Youth

29. continue ► 6 - Unquestioning obedience to a single ruler  Mass rallies (as seen in Pink Floyd’s “THE WALL” )