1. Feasibility Study and Feasibility Analysis

2. Feasibility Study: Describes and evaluates the candidate systems and helps in the selection of best system that meets the system performance requirements.

3. System performance definition The system’s required performance is defined by describing its output’s in the user-acceptable format. It involves 3 steps: ◦ Statement of constraints. ◦ Identification of specific system objectives.  Find the benefits of the system ◦ Description of outputs.

4. Feasibility Analysis “A measure of how beneficial or practical the development of a software system will be to an organization. This analysis recurs throughout the life cycle.”

5. Feasibility Checkpoints Production System Technical Design Business Requirements Existing System Planned Project Planning Support ImplementationDesign Analysis

6. Feasibility Checkpoints systems analysis -- study ◦ urgency? rough cost estimate systems analysis -- definition ◦ clearer scope, refined cost estimate systems design -- selection ◦ adjust scope, schedule, costs systems design -- procurement ◦ option check before letting contracts systems design -- detail design ◦ one last chance to cancel or downsize

7. STEPS IN FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS Note down deficiencies in current system found while preparing SRS Document Set goals to remove deficiencies Quantify Goals Find alternative solutions to meet goals Evaluate feasibility of alternative solutions taking into account constraints on resources. Rank order alternatives and discuss with user. Prepare a system proposal for management approval

8. STEPS IN FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS contd.. Quantify the goals and sub-goals from the verbal statement of goal For example: Send bill soon after month end Quantified statement of the same goal: Send bill within 5 days of month end Find out whether it is possible to meet these goals. Determine the cost of meeting each goal Find cost benefit if quantified

9. Project Feasibility Measure of how beneficial or practical the development of an information system will be to an organization. Tests of feasibility 1. Technical--can system be developed? 2. Operational--can organization absorb the change? 3. Economic--what is business justification? 4. Schedule--can system be implemented in time available? 5. Legal -- copyrights, anti-trust laws

10. Technical Feasibility Is the technology or solution practical? Do we currently possess the necessary technology? Do we possess the necessary technical expertise? People Technology

11. Operational Feasibility Is the problem worth solving? Will the solution to the problem work? How do the end-users and managers feel about the problem (or solution)? People

12. Legal Feasibility  copyrights,  anti-trust laws (systems that share data across organizations),  financial reporting requirements,  contractual obligations,  software ownership,  outsourcing arrangements, etc.

13. Schedule Feasibility Can the project deadlines be met? What will it cost to accelerate development? People

14. Economic Feasibility The most important is cost-benefit analysis. Cost estimates ◦ acquisition or development costs ◦ operation and maintenance costs Benefit estimates ◦ tangible benefits ◦ intangible benefits

15. Cost-Benefit Analysis Developing an IT application is an investment. Since after developing that application it provides the organization with profits. Profits can be monetary or in the form of an improved working environment. However, it carries risks, because in some cases an estimate can be wrong. And the project might not actually turn out to be beneficial. Cost benefit analysis helps to give management a picture of the costs, benefits and risks. It usually involves comparing alternate investments.

16. Cost benefit determines the benefits and savings that are expected from the system and compares them with the expected costs. The cost of an information system involves the development cost and maintenance cost. The development costs are one time investment whereas maintenance costs are recurring. The development cost is basically the costs incurred during the various stages of the system development.

17. Each phase of the life cycle has a cost. Some examples are : Personnel Equipment Supplies Overheads Consultants' fees

18. Cost and Benefit Categories There are several cost factors/elements. These are hardware, personnel, facility, operating, and supply costs. In a broad sense the costs can be divided into two types 1. Development costs- Development costs that are incurred during the development of the system are one time investment. ◦ Equipment 2. Operating costs e.g., Wages Supplies Overheads

19. Alternative classification of the costs: Hardware/software costs: ◦ It includes the cost of purchasing or leasing of computers and it's peripherals. ◦ Software costs involves required software costs. Personnel costs: ◦ It is the money, spent on the people involved in the development of the system. ◦ These expenditures include salaries, other benefits such as health insurance, conveyance allowance, etc. Facility costs: ◦ Expenses incurred during the preparation of the physical site where the system will be operational. ◦ These can be wiring, flooring, acoustics, lighting, and air conditioning.

20. Operating costs: ◦ Operating costs are the expenses required for the day to day running of the system. ◦ This includes the maintenance of the system. ◦ That can be in the form of maintaining the hardware or application programs or money paid to professionals responsible for running or maintaining the system. Supply costs: ◦ These are variable costs that vary proportionately with the amount of use of paper, ribbons, disks, and the like. ◦ These should be estimated and included in the overall cost of the system.

21. Benefits We can define benefit as Profit or Benefit = Income - Costs Benefits can be accrued by : - Increasing income, or - Decreasing costs, or - both Benefits can be tangible or intangible, direct or indirect. In cost benefit analysis, the first task is to identify each benefit and assign a monetary value to it. The two main benefits are improved performance and minimized processing costs.

22. Further costs and benefits can be categorized as: 1. Tangible or Intangible Costs and Benefits ◦ Tangible cost and benefits can be measured. ◦ Hardware costs, salaries for professionals, software cost are all tangible costs. ◦ They are identified and measured.. ◦ The purchase of hardware or software, personnel training, and employee salaries are example of tangible costs. ◦ Costs whose value cannot be measured are referred as intangible costs. ◦ The cost of breakdown of an online system during banking hours will cause the bank lose deposits.

23. Benefits are also tangible or intangible. ◦ For example, more customer satisfaction, improved company status, etc are all intangible benefits. ◦ Whereas improved response time, producing error free output such as producing reports are all tangible benefits. Both tangible and intangible costs and benefits should be considered in the evaluation process.

24. 2. Direct or Indirect Costs and Benefits ◦ From the cost accounting point of view, the costs are treated as either direct or indirect. ◦ Direct costs are having rupee value associated with it. ◦ Direct benefits are also attributable to a given project. ◦ For example, if the proposed system that can handle more transactions say 25% more than the present system then it is direct benefit. ◦ Indirect costs result from the operations that are not directly associated with the system. ◦ Insurance, maintenance, heat, light, air conditioning are all indirect costs.

25. 3. Fixed or Variable Costs and Benefits ◦ Some costs and benefits are fixed. ◦ Fixed costs don't change. ◦ Depreciation of hardware, Insurance, etc are all fixed costs. ◦ Variable costs are incurred on regular basis. ◦ Recurring period may be weekly or monthly depending upon the system. ◦ They are proportional to the work volume and continue as long as system is in operation. ◦ Fixed benefits don't change. ◦ Variable benefits are realized on a regular basis.

26. Example: Performing Cost Benefit Analysis (CBA) Cost for the proposed system ( figures in USD Thousands)

27. Benefit for the propose system Profit = Benefits - Costs = 300, 000 -154, 000 = USD 146, 000

28. Select Evaluation Method When all the financial data have been identified and broken down into cost categories, the analyst selects a method for evaluation of cost and benefits. There are various analysis methods available. Some of them are following. Present value analysis Payback analysis Net present value Net benefit analysis Cash-flow analysis Break-even analysis

29. Present value analysis: It is used for long-term projects where it is difficult to compare present costs with future benefits. In this method cost and benefit are calculated in term of today's value of investment. To compute the present value, we take the following formula Where, i is the rate of interest & n is the time Example: Present value of $3000 invested at 15% interest at the end of 5th year is calculates as P = 3000/(1 +.15) 5 = 1491.53

30. Net Benefit and Net Present Value The net benefit value is equal to total benefits minus total costs. Net Benefit Value=Costs - Benefits Net Present Value- is expressed as percentage of the investment and given by: % = Net Benefit Value/Investments Example: Suppose total investment is $50000 and benefits are $80000 Then Net Benefit Value = $(80000 - 50000) = $30000 Net present value-% = 30000/80000 =.375

31. Break-even Analysis: Once we have determined what is estimated cost and benefit of the system it is also essential to know in what time will the benefits are realized. For that break-even analysis is done. Break -even is the point where the cost of the proposed system and that of the current one are equal. Break-even method compares the costs of the current and candidate systems. In developing any candidate system, initially the costs exceed those of the current system. This is an investment period. When both costs are equal, it is break-even. Beyond that point, the candidate system provides greater benefit than the old one. This is return period.

32. Pay-Back Analysis Consider a five year investment whose cash flow consequences are summarized in the table below. The primary data for payback calculation are the expected cash inflows and outflows from the investment: Cash Inflows: The investment will bring $300 cash inflow each year, for years 1 - 5. Cash outflows: The initial cost of the investment is a cash outflow of $800 in year 1, followed by a cost (outflow) of $150 in year 2. There are no expected costs in years 3 - 5.

33. We know that payback(return) occurs in Year 4 because cumulative cash flow is negative at the end of Year 3 and positive at the end of Year 4. But where, precisely, is the payback event in Year 4? The answer can be seen roughly on a graph, showing the payback event as the "break even" point in time, when cumulative cash flow crosses from negative to positive:

34. Using the tabled data above, where the payback year is clearly Year 4, payback period can be calculated (estimated) as follows; Payback Period = Y + ( A / B ) where ◦ Y = The number of years before final payback year. In the example, Y = 3.0 years. ◦ A = Total remaining to be paid back at the start of the payback year, to bring cumulative cash flow to 0. In the example, A = $50. ◦ B = Total (net) paid back in the entire payback year. In the example, B = 300. For the example, Payback Period = 3+ (50) / (300) Payback Period = 3 + 1/6 = 3.17 Years

35. Cash-Flow analysis: Some projects produce revenue after investing in computer systems mainly the projects based on computer and word processing services. Cash flow analysis keeps track of accumulated costs and revenues on regular basis.