1. Qualitative Research The scientist´s toolbox Institut für Geoinformation und Kartographie WS 2003/04 TU WIENDI Christine Rottenbacher

2. Preview Aus: Reader I von ISRA

3. Preview Difference of quantitative and qualitative research Examples My question Planning resarch with qualitative methods About my field experiment

4. Differences Quantitative Research reviews theories tests assumed hypothesis characteristic features are fixed makes test series and statistics Qualitative Research find new theories develops new hypothesis identifies characteristic features makes case studies vgl. Thomas Brüsemeister, Qualitative Forschung ein Überblick

5. Qualitative research “qualitative (Sozial)forschung ist lustvoll und quälend” wegen der methodischen Unsicherheit während des Arbeitsprozesses Jens Dangschat

6. Quantitative Work Plan make a strict plan for inquiry and analysis analyse probabilities of observations use statistic sampling methods derive knowledge about the relationship of variables use the logic of deduction

7. Qualitative Work Plan a flexible plan allows responding to emerging new hypothesis reconstruct interpretation and action patterns indepth analysis of single case derive knowledge about interpretation and action patterns use the logic of deduction and induction

8. The Right Method For The Topic It is easy to use a hammer if I want to nail a picture to the wall. It is difficult to use a hammer if I want to dig up my garden

9. My Experience In my planning practice I discovered that joint activities, especially walking through the daily environment, produce mutual respect for different points of view. This aids in decision making. I call this a “moved planning process”. This is the motivation for my phD work. I tried to answer the question what happens during a “moved planning process!” → But this was not a real question

10. Towards a Question A planning process occurs in a constructed reality. This reality must be shared among the participants. Shared reality is the product of interaction and communication. I want to know what happens between participating people I want to know about joint experienced movement I want to look at social interaction and the process of decision making

11. Where do I start? To find my methodological approach I look how different disciplines answer related questions. I looked at: Philosophy: Phenomenology and Hermeneutic Sociology: Qualitative social science Psychology: group interactions, typically applied in therapy forms Cognitive science: process of feeling, thinking and acting Ethnology: field research methods

12. Research in Urban and Regional Planning → traditional planning research investigates functional supply systems. They observe quantitavely spatial functions. → new planning research investigates relationship between usage and space, mutual relationships between social interaction and social perception.

13. Research in Planning with Qualitative Methods Methods of qualitative social research are combined: Open questionaries and interviews Focus groups (discussions, narrations,…) Participating observation Recording Oral history Analysis of video observation Field studies Experiments (mixture between field experiment and actionism research)

14. I decided for a Field Experiment After reading literature I found it is necessary to test my theory in the field. I used a mixture between field research and experiment:  Field research has the aim to look at a natural social situation, without disturbing it.  An experiment tries to develop and review a theory in a designed situation. A planning process is not a natural situation for the participants. → Therefore an “experiment”

15. Three Levels of Discourse 1. Level: field experiment, the actual testing of one event 2. Level: analysis of observations during many planning processes, which contain events 3. Level: methodology of analysis

16. Organisation of one Event I differentiate phases during one moved meeting: Welcome: I explain the aim and the structure of this meetig Common starting: We start to walk, people first speak about their daily live, slowly we start speaking about concrete themes Joint arrival in the situation: A joint view emerges towards the daily environment Joint experience of Movement and Space: Expectations and usage are checked Find the Topics: We find the most important themes for our common acting Common decisions: We sit together and reflect what happened, we decide what we do next Sharing of responsibilities: Joint decision on responsibilities for actions

17. The Main Question for my Field Experiment How does movement contribute to change social interaction during the event of a meeting?

18. Guideline for Observation To answer the research question it is necessary to decide how I document: emotions which are visible communicated interactions changing behaviour

19. Preparations for the Experiment I combined methods of social research: Groupnarrations, participating observation and analysis of video. I had two cameras, two different focus on the event, a tape- recorder to collect part of the communication among the participants, a moderator, with participation observation and minimal guidance through the process. → these four people document each an individual viewpoint on the event

20. Notation systems There are also notationsystems from: HALL: Proxemic Behaviour BORGATTA developed BSS Behaviour System Scores CROWTHER developed IPS Interaction Process Scores

21. Initial Structure of Experiment WELCOME and COMMON STARTING NonverbalVerbal WALKINGOrientation and Arrival personal figure, eyeview, personal space, bodily contact, building of groups General welcome, general themes WALKINGGetting familiar with the situation contacts are getting nearer, they find their positions they start speaking about concrete themes WALKINGAttending Movements are getting more intensiv, attentive listening, eyeview direct messages WALKINGCommon decisions role of leaders are changing, they get a common rhythm Everybody is an expert of his needs SITTINGCommon decisions and goodby Change of posititons, eyeview, postures towards, bodily contact Reflecting of the walk, decisions, we share responsibilities

22. Preparation of the Field Experiment As a planer paid and with a distinct charge I am invited to the villages. An experiment is different, now we had to invite to come to our meeting. We invited everybody personally, to be sure that they will come. We had a topic of importance to the village – they experienced a catastrophe (flooding). And we wanted to help deciding what has to be done first.

23. Realization We made the meeting We made the video We had documentation → The process of interaction was quite different from what we assumed

24. Analysis INSECURITY The phase structure of the event corresponded roughly to my expectations, but the observed behaviour differed from what I expected, because of the catastrophe there were much more emotions. I had to change my characteristic features. → I had to understand the process in a new way

25. Analysis Start → my aim is to understand the emotions and the development of interactions during the process! I started to document the experiment minute detail: I recorded my observation immediately after the event the team constructed three days later a common protocol I watched the video without tone, to pay more attention to gestures and facial expressions groups of several professionals (planners, sociologists and psychologists) watched the video and recorded their observations

26. AnalysisReview → we identified events and had different interpretations → we mostly agreed on major phases of the event, where something special between the people was happening → I looked at these special phases with tone to review our nonverbal results. One major derive in the analysis (not expected) is that the special phases are combined to decisionmaking and agreeing processes, the body language showed first (mutually) that there will come a decision.

27. Current State of Progress Now I have to relate the results back to theory, and to adapt, extend and modify theory to better explain what we observed.

28. Thank YOU f or your attention!