1. MOLECULAR GENETICS Polypeptide Synthesis Protein Structure Sequence of amino acids Nucleotide Connection Sequence of nucleotides in the gene determines the sequence of amino acids in the protein.

2. Fig. 24.10

3. Polypeptide Synthesis Synthesis Components RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Structure Phosphate Group Ribose Sugar Nucleotide Bases Types A, G, C, Uracil

5. DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA)

6. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Types Ribosomal (rRNA) Structure RNA that is wrapped with proteins to form ribosomes. Purpose Synthesis of primary protein structure

8. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Types Messenger (mRNA) Structure Single strand of RNA nucleotides complementary to a gene on the DNA coding strand. Purpose Carry protein-building instructions to ribosome.

10. RNA (Ribonucleic acid) Types Transfer (tRNA) Structure 3-looped structure of about 80 nucleotides. Purpose Bind and deliver specific amino acids to ribosomes.

12. POLYPEPTIDE SYNTHESIS Mechanism Transcription Definition Synthesis of a single-stranded mRNA using a DNA template and conservative replication.

13. Fig. 24.10

14. Fig. 25.6

15. Transcription Steps I. DNA Strand Separation DNA helicase unwinds the DNA double helix at the promoter site creating a “Replication Fork”.

16. Fig. 25.6

17. Fig. 25.5

18. DNA HELICASE

19. Transcription Steps II. Complementary Base Pairing RNA nucleotides pair with complementary nucleotides on one DNA strand (coding strand).

20. COMPLEMENTARY BASE PAIRING CODING STRAND NONCODING STRAND

21. Transcription Steps III. Nucleotide Joining RNA polymerase joins the phosphodiester backbone of two adjacent RNA nucleotides to form the polymer.

22. RNA POLYMERASE

24. 3’ 5’

25. Transcription Steps IV. DNA Helix Reformation DNA rewinds as transcription is completed (conservative replication).

26. Conservative Replication

27. Transcription Steps V. RNA Modification Primary mRNA is chemically modified to remove introns using a spliceosome resulting in continuous exons in the mature mRNA.

28. Fig. 25.4a

32. Transcription Steps VI. Messenger RNA Transport RNA passes out of the nucleus through nuclear pores to cytoplasm.

33. mRNA TRANSPORT

35. EXERCISE 5 PG. 55

36. EXERCISE 5 PG. 55