2. What Time Is It? It is test time.

3. The Four Kinds of Sentences Declarative Interrogatory Imperative Exclamatory

4. Declarative Sentences Declarative Sentences are used to form statements. Declarative sentences consist of a subject and a predicate. In the sentence "My name is Mary.", the subject is "my name" and the predicate is "is Mary".subjectpredicate.

5. Interrogatory Sentence Interrogatory Sentence Definition: Asks a question. It receives an interrogation point or question mark (?).Example :What time is it? When do we eat?

6. Imperative Sentence Imperative Sentence Definition: A sentence that gives a request or command. It always receives a period. The subject is understood to be (you) or (thou). Example: Clean your room. Do the dishes. Come here.

7. Exclamatory Sentence Exclamatory Sentence Definition: A sentence that uses an exclamation point (!) Example: Welcome home !You have been missed !

8. The Noun A NOUN is a word used to name a person, place, a thing, or an idea: PERSONS boy, ball player, lawyer, Miss Susie Smith, PLACES England, Richland, The Smithsonian, meadow THINGS keys, dog, car, rocket, desk, baseball glove IDEAS justice, love, honesty, democracy, wisdom

9. The Pronoun  A PRONOUN is a word used in place of one noun or more than one noun: Example: (without pronoun) William Shakespeare wrote many plays. Shakespeare was a great writer. (with Pronoun) William Shakespeare wrote many plays. He was a great writer

10. The Adjective  An ADJECTIVE is a word used to modify a noun or a pronoun:  To Modify a word means to describe the word or to make its meaning more definite. An adjective modifies a word by telling what kind, which one, how much, or how many.

11. The Verb  A VERB is a word used to express action or a state of being. Examples: (action)... Wilson Rawls wrote the book, Where the Red Fern Grows. (state of being)… This room feels very warm.

12. The Adverb  An ADVERB is a word used to modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. An adverb tells where, when, how, or to what extent (how much or how long). WHERE? Hand in your homework here. HOW? The rain came suddenly. WHEN? Now is the time to smile. TO WHAT EXTENT? The butterfly was exceptionally beautiful.

13. The Preposition A PREPOSITION is a word used to show the relationship of a noun or a pronoun to another word in the sentence.  Notice how a change in the preposition changes the relationship between ball and table in each of the following examples:  The ball rolled under the table.  The ball rolled against the table.  The ball rolled on the table.  The ball rolled in front of the table.  The ball rolled off the table.

14. The Conjunction  A CONJUNCTION is a word used to join words or groups of words.  Coordinating conjunctions such as: and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet:  Correlative Conjunctions such as: both….and, either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also, whether…or

15. The Interjection  An INTERJECTION is a word used to express emotion. An interjection does not have a grammatical relation to other words in the sentence. Usually an interjection is followed by an exclamation point. Sometimes an interjection is set off by a comma.  Examples:  Oh! That was a surprise.  Why, I know you.  Wow! That was great.  Well, I would not make Hera jealous..

16. What is an adjective? a person, place or thing a describing word a doing word

17. Correct An adjective is a describing word. Well done! See how many more you can get right.

18. Wrong!

19. The boy is running. The word in red is: an adjective a verb a noun

20. The man has caught a fish. The word in red is: an adjective a verb a noun

21. Well done! You have completed the quiz. Print this page to show that you have got 100% right. Well done! Name……………………… Date …/…/…… Signed by teacher………………

22. Garden of Verbals Fall 2005 W.F. Burns Middle School

23. Verbals There are three types of Verbals: Gerunds, Participles and Infinitives.

24. Gerunds A gerund is a verbal that ends in -ing and functions as a noun. The term verbal indicates that a gerund, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since a gerund functions as a noun, it occupies some positions in a sentence that a noun ordinarily would, for example: subject, direct object, subject complement, and object of preposition.

25. Gerunds Gerund as subject: Traveling might satisfy your desire for new experiences. The study abroad program might satisfy your desire for new experiences.

26. Gerund Gerund as direct object: They do not appreciate my singing. They do not appreciate my assistance.

27. Gerund as subject complement: My cat's favorite activity is sleeping. My cat's favorite food is salmon.

28. Gerund as object of preposition: The police arrested him for speeding. The police arrested him for criminal activity.

29. Gerund Phrase A Gerund Phrase is a group of words consisting of a gerund and the modifier(s) and/or (pro)noun(s) or noun phrase(s) that function as the direct object(s), indirect object(s), or complement(s) of the action or state expressed in the gerund, such as:

30. GERUND PHRASE Gerunds, verbals that end in -ing and that act as nouns, frequently are associated with modifiers and complements in a gerund phrase. These phrases function as units and can do anything that a noun can do. Notice that other phrases, especially prepositional phrases, are frequently part of the gerund phrase. Cramming for tests is not a good study strategy. [gerund phrase as subject]

31. Points to Remember: 1. A gerund is a verbal ending in -ing that is used as a noun. 2. A gerund phrase consists of a gerund plus modifier (s), object (s), and/or complement (s). 3. Gerunds and gerund phrases virtually never require punctuation.

32. PARTICIPIAL PHRASE Present participles, verbals ending in -ing, and past participles, verbals that end in -ed (for regular verbs) or other forms (for irregular verbs), are combined with complements and modifiers and become part of important phrasal structures. Participial phrases always act as adjectives. When they begin a sentence, they are often set off by a comma (as an introductory modifier); otherwise, participial phrases will be set off by commas if they are parenthetical elements.adjectives introductory modifierparenthetical elements The stone steps, having been worn down by generations of students, needed to be replaced. [modifies "steps"]

33. Participle A participle is a verbal that is used as an adjective and most often ends in -ing or -ed. The term verbal indicates that a participle, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, since they function as adjectives, participles modify nouns or pronouns. There are two types of participles: present participles and past participles. Present participles end in -ing. Past participles end in - ed, -en, -d, -t, or -n, as in the words asked, eaten, saved, dealt, and seen.

34. Participle The crying baby had a wet diaper. Shaken, he walked away from the wrecked car. The burning log fell off the fire. Smiling, she hugged the panting dog.

35. Placement of Participial: In order to prevent confusion, a participial phrase must be placed as close to the noun it modifies as possible, and the noun must be clearly stated. Carrying a heavy pile of books, his foot caught on a step. * Carrying a heavy pile of books, he caught his foot on a step.

36. Infinitives An infinitive is a verbal consisting of the word to plus a verb (in its simplest "stem" form) and functioning as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The term verbal indicates that an infinitive, like the other two kinds of verbals, is based on a verb and therefore expresses action or a state of being. However, the infinitive may function as a subject, direct object, subject complement, adjective, or adverb in a sentence. Although an infinitive is easy to locate because of the to + verb form, deciding what function it has in a sentence can sometimes be confusing.

37. Infinitive Phrase An infinitive phrase consists of an infinitive — the root of the verb preceded by to — and any modifiers or complements associated with it. Infinitive phrases can act as adjectives, adverbs, and nouns. Her plan to subsidize child care won wide acceptance among urban politicians. [modifies plan, functions as an adjective] She wanted to raise taxes. [noun-object of the sentence]

38. Infinitives Information To wait seemed foolish when decisive action was required. (subject) Everyone wanted to go. (direct object) His ambition is to fly. (subject complement) He lacked the strength to resist. (adjective) We must study to learn. (adverb)

39. Infinitives Be sure not to confuse an infinitive-- a verbal consisting of to plus a verb--with a prepositional phrase beginning with to, which consists of to plus a noun or pronoun and any modifiers.

40. Infinitives and Prepositional Phrases Infinitives: to fly, to draw, to become, to enter, to stand, to catch, to belong Prepositional Phrases: to him, to the committee, to my house, to the mountains, to us, to this address

41. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences A clause is a group of related words containing a subject and a verb. It is different from a phrase in that a phrase does not include a subject and a verb relationship.phrase There are many different kinds of clauses. It would be helpful to review some of the grammar vocabulary we use to talk about clauses. Words and phrases in this color are hyperlinks to the Guide to Grammar & Writing.

42. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences Clauses go by many names. Here are some definitions: 1. Independent: A clause that can stand by itself and still make sense. An independent clause could be its own sentence, but is often part of a larger structure, combined with other independent clauses and with dependent clauses. Independent clauses are sometimes called essential or restrictive clauses. 2. Dependent: A clause that cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else, an independent clause, for its meaning. A dependent clause trying to stand by itself would be a sentence fragment. Dependent clauses are sometimes called subordinate, nonessential, or nonrestrictive clauses. We will review the different kinds of dependent clauses.sentence fragment

43. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences And here are some examples of independent clauses.... 1. Independent clauses: Glaciers often leave behind holes in the ground. These holes are called kettles, and they look just like scooped-out pots. Glaciers also leave behind enormous deposits of glacial “garbage”; these deposits are called morains. Kettle holes result when a large block of ice is left behind the glacier and then melts away, leaving a large depression. This last sentence deserves further attention....

44. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences Notice that this sentence consists of a very brief independent clause followed by a long and complex dependent clause. Kettle holes result when a large block of ice is left behind the glacier and then melts away, leaving a large depression. The dependent clause begins with what is called a subordinating conjunction. This causes the clause to be dependent upon the rest of the sentence for its meaning; it cannot stand by itself. More on dependent clauses in a moment....

45. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences Independent clauses can be connected in a variety of ways: 1. By a comma and little conjunction (and, but, or, nor, for, yet, and sometimes so). 2. By a semicolonsemicolon, by itself. 3. By a semicolon accompanied by a conjunctive adverb (such as however, moreover, nevertheless, as a result, consequently, etc.). 4. And, of course, independent clauses are often not connected by punctuation at all but are separated by a period.

46. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences Dependent clauses can be identified and classified according to their role in the sentence. Noun clauses do anything that a noun can do. They can be subjects, objects, and objects of prepositions. What Turveydrop has forgotten about American politics could fill entire libraries. President Johnson finally revealed what he had in mind for his congressional leaders. Sheila Thistlethwaite has written a marvelous book about how American politics and economic processes often run counter to common sense.

47. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences Dependent clauses can be identified and classified according to their role in the sentence. ADVERB CLAUSES tend to tell us something about the sentence’s main verb: when, why, under what conditions. After Jubal Early invaded the outskirts of Washington, Congressional leaders took the southern threat more seriously. Lincoln insisted on attending the theater that night because it was important to demonstrate domestic tranquility. Notice how the dependent clauses begin with “dependent words,” words that subordinate what follows to the rest of the sentence. These words are also called subordinating conjunctions.

48. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences Dependent clauses can be identified and classified according to their role in the sentence. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES modify nouns or pronouns in the rest of the sentence.. The Internet, which started out as a means for military and academic types to share documents, has become a household necessity. Tim Berners-Lee, who developed the World Wide Web, could never have foreseen the popularity of his invention. The graphical user interface (GUI) that we all take for granted nowadays is actually a late development in the World Wide Web. Notice, now, how the subject is often separated from its verb by information represented by the dependent clause.

49. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences Sometimes an adjective clause has no subject other than the relative pronoun that introduces the clauses. The Internet was started in 1969 under a contract let by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which connected four major computers at universities in the southwestern US (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute, UCSB, and the University of Utah). Such clauses — all beginning with “which,” “that,” or a form of “who” — are also known as RELATIVE CLAUSES. The relative pronoun serves as the subject of the dependent clause and relates to some word or idea in the independent clause.

50. Clauses: Building Blocks for Sentences Understanding CLAUSES and how they are connected within the larger structure of your sentence will help you avoid Sentence FragmentsRun-on Sentences and make it possible for you to punctuate your sentences properly and write confidently with a variety of sentence structures.variety of sentence structures Don’t forget to take the quizzes listed at the end of the section on clauses.

51. Varying Sentence Structure

52. Adding Variety to Sentence Structure To make your writing more interesting, you should try to vary your sentences in terms of length and structure. You can make some of your sentences long and others short. Read the two paragraphs on the next page.

53. Two Paragraphs Read the paragraphs below. Choose the paragraph that is more effective. I love living in the city. I have a wonderful view of the entire city. I have an apartment. I can see the Golden Gate Bridge. I can see many cargo ships pass under the bridge each day. I like the restaurants in San Francisco. I can find wonderful food from just about every country. I don’t like the traffic in the city. I love living in the city of San Francisco. I have a wonderful view of the entire city from my apartment window. In addition, I can see the Golden Gate Bridge under which many cargo ships pass each day. I also like San Francisco because I can find wonderful restaurants with food from just about every country; however, I don’t like the traffic in the city.

54. How do you vary sentence structure? You will want to use a variety of sentence structures in your writing. There are three types of sentences we will study in this lesson: - Simple Sentence - Compound Sentence - Complex Sentence

55. The Simple Sentence A simple sentence has one independent clause (one subject and a verb): I live in San Francisco. Subject Verb

56. Compound Sentence A compound sentence contains two independent clauses that are joined together. She works in the city, but she lives in the suburbs. Independent Clause

57. Compound Sentence You can make a compound sentence by joining two logically related independent clauses by using… - a semicolon - a coordinating conjunction - a transition

58. Using a Semicolon Independent Clause ; Independent Clause I love living in the city ; there are so many things to do. Independent Clause

59. Using a Coordinating Conjunction Independent Clause,coordinating conjunction Independent Clause He couldn’t watch the show, so he decided to tape it. Independent Clause

60. Coordinating Conjunctions Logical RelationshipCoordinating Conjunction AdditionAnd ContrastBut, yet ChoiceOr, nor CauseFor ResultSo

61. FANBOYS For  F And  A Nor  N But  B Or  O Yet  Y So  S Another way to remember these is…

62. CAUTION! Do NOT use a comma every time you use the words and, or, but, nor, for, so, yet. Use a comma only when the coordinating conjunction joins two independent clauses. Independent Clause No comma- not an independent clause The necklace was beautiful but expensive. Simple Sentence

63. Using a Transition Independent Clause ; transition, Independent Clause I love San Francisco ; however, I hate the traffic. Independent Clause Click here to see lists of transitions.

64. John cannot set up his typewriter because the wall has no outlet. Complex Sentences A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause. Independent Clause Dependent Clause Subordinating Conjunction

65. Example- Complex Sentence A complex sentence contains at least one independent clause and one dependent clause. She will go to school in the city until she finds a job. Independent Clause Dependent Clause Subordinating Conjunction

66. When I first moved to the city, I was afraid to drive the steep and narrow streets. Complex Sentences Use a comma after a dependent clause if it begins the sentence. Subordinating Conjunction Independent Clause Use a comma if the dependent clause is the first part of the sentence.

67. Practice Exercises Now you are ready to practice what you’ve learned. Click the link below to return to Unit D. Print and complete the Practice Exercise on adding sentence structure variety to your writing. Check your answers with a tutor.

68. Correct! Excellent! This sentence reads more smoothly because it has more sentence structure variety. I love living in the city of San Francisco. I have a wonderful view of the entire city from my apartment window. In addition, I can see the Golden Gate Bridge under which many cargo ships pass each day. I also like San Francisco because I can find wonderful restaurants with food from just about every country; however, I don’t like the traffic in the city. Simple Sentences Compound/Complex Sentence Complex Sentence

69. I’m Sorry! These sentence do not read as smoothly. These sentences contain no sentence variety. Simple Sentences I love living in the city. I have a wonderful view of the entire city. I have an apartment. I can see the Golden Gate Bridge. I can see many cargo ships pass under the bridge each day. I like the restaurants in San Francisco. I can find wonderful food from just about every country. I don’t like the traffic in the city.

70. RelationshipTransition AdditionMoreover Furthermore In addition besides Reinforcement/EmphasisIndeed In fact ContrastHowever On the contrary In contrast On the other hand Result or EffectConsequently Accordingly Thus Hence Therefore As a result

71. Reinforcement/EmphasisIndeed In fact ExemplificationFor example For instance In particular ExemplificationFor example For instance In particular TimeMeanwhile (at the same time) Subsequently (after) Thereafter (after) RelationshipTransition

72. References PowerPoint Presentation by Ruth Luman: Modesto Junior College. This project incorporates portions of copyrighted works. These items are included under the fair use exemption of the U.S. Copyright Law and have been prepared according to the educational fair use guidelines. They are restricted from further use.

73. Welcome to… Do you say it this way?

74. A sentence must have a subject and verb that go together.

75. Subject-verb inconsistencies occur when the subject is singular and the verb is plural, or when the subject is plural and the verb is singular. For example, in the sentence, "John eat vegetables," John, the subject, is singular. Eat, the verb, is plural. We can replace "eat" with "eats."

76. What do you mean? Agree? I got a hold of some bad pork chops the other day, and they didn't agree with me. Stomach aches aren't very pleasant. Don't you agree?

77. What do you mean? Agree? We all know these meanings of "agree," but when we talk about subject-verb agreement, we're talking about something different: matching subjects and verbs according to number.subjectsverbs

78. What do you mean? Agree? That is, when you have a singular subject, you have to match it with a singular verb form: The boy plays. When you have a plural subject, you must have a plural verb form: The boys play.

79. Can you pick the right verb for this sentence? John ______ outside. A. playing B. plays C. play

80. The correct answer is John plays outside.

81. Choose the correct verb. The bird _____ in the sky. A. flys B. flies C. flying

82. The correct answer is The bird flies in the sky.

83. Choose the correct verb. Kelly and Beth _____ good grades on their report cards. A. make B. makes C. making

84. The correct answer is Kelly and Beth make good grades on their report cards.

85. Choose the best sentence. A.She gone to the post office. B.She going to the post office. C.She went to the post office. D.She go to the post office.

86. Choose the best sentence. A.She gone to the post office. B.She going to the post office.  C.She went to the post office. D.She go to the post office.

87. Choose the sentence that is written correctly. 1. We been having hamburgers for dinner. 2. We be having hamburgers for dinner. 3. We are having hamburgers for dinner.

88. Choose the sentence that is written correctly. 1. We been having hamburgers for dinner. 2. We be having hamburgers for dinner. 3. We are having hamburgers for dinner.

89. Choose the sentence that is written correctly. That Jesse, he are a great basketball player. That great basketball player were Jesse. Jesse is a great basketball player.

90. Choose the sentence that is written correctly. That Jesse, he are a great basketball player. That great basketball player were Jesse. Jesse is a great basketball player.

91. Let’s do some more practice. http://english-zone.com/verbs/sub- verbs.html http://english-zone.com/verbs/sub- verbs.html

92. Let’s try a quiz. http://cuip.uchicago.edu/www4teach/97/jly man/default/quiz/subverbagquiz.html http://cuip.uchicago.edu/www4teach/97/jly man/default/quiz/subverbagquiz.html