1. Community Ecology Chapter 8

2. Objectives Summarize species types Evaluate competition and predation Compare and contrast symbiosis

3. What is a niche? Species’ way of life or functional role in an ecosystem Everything that affects its survival and reproduction – Range of tolerance for physical and chemical conditions – Types and amounts of resources it uses – How it interacts with other living and nonliving components – Role it plays in energy flow and matter cycling How is this different from a habitat?

4. Fundamental vs. Realized Full potential range a species’ could theoretically use if no direct competition from other species Part of the fundamental niche a species actually uses Done to avoid competition for the same resources

5. Generalist vs. Specialist Have broad niche – Live in many places – Eat variety of food – Tolerate wide range of environmental conditions Have narrow niche – Live in one type of habitat – Only 1-2 types of food – Tolerate narrow range of environmental conditions

6. Types of Species Native species Nonnative, exotic, or alien species

7. Types of Species Indicator Keystone

8. Why Should We Care About Alligators? Why are alligators considered a keystone species? How do they affect Do you think people should be allowed to kill alligators found on their property? Explain.

9. What might species compete for?

10. Intraspecific Competition What makes a good territory?

11. Interspecific Competition Interference CompetitionExploitation Competition

12. Competitive Exclusion Principle High Low Relative population density 024681012141618 Days Each species grown alone Paramecium aurelia Paramecium caudatum High Low Relative population density 024681012141618 Days Both species grown together Paramecium aurelia Paramecium caudatum

13. Reducing or Avoiding Competition

14. Why are Sharks Important?

15. Species Interaction Who Benefits? Who is Harmed? Examples Predator-Prey Parasitism Mutalism Commensalism

16. Predators Increase Chance of Meal

17. Prey Defend or Avoid Predators

18. How is predation different from parasitism? How are they similar?

19. Objectives Explain community structure Describe the theory of island biogeography

20. Community Structure

21. Ecotones and Edge Effects

22. Ants Birds Latitude Depth Pollution Species diversity 2020 5 0 02, 00 0 4, 00 0 6, 00 0 Depth (meters) 02,0004,0006,000 Depth (meters) 1515 5 0 CoastDeep Sea SnailsTube worms Coast Deep Sea 0 2,0004,0006,000 Biodiversity

23. Theory of Island Biogeography High Low Rate of immigration or extinction Equilibrium number Immigration and extinction rates Number of species on island (a)

26. 100 50 25 12.5 6.25 02,0004,0006,0008,00010,000 Distance from New Guinea (kilometers) Number of species (percentage of sample studied)

27. 100 1101001,00010,000100,000 Area (square miles) Number of amphibian and reptile species 10 SABAMONTSERRATCUBA Hispaniola Puerto Rico Jamaica Cuba Montserrat Saba Redonda

28. Objectives Compare and contrast primary and secondary succession. Describe the factors that affect succession. Evaluate the three types of stability

29. How do ecosystems respond to change? What happens after a forest fire? What happens after a volcano? What happens when climate changes?

30. Primary Succession

31. Secondary Succession

32. Succession and Wildlife

33. PrimarySecondary

34. Primary or Secondary?

35. Disturbance and Succession Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis Percentage disturbance Species diversity

36. Succession Predictability Old View – predictable sequence leading to a climax community New View – ongoing process impacted by chance and biodiversity

37. Ecological Stability Inertia – persistence, resist change Constancy – maintain within limits, population Resilience – recover Does diversity = stability?

38. Ecological Sustainability If diversity ≠ stability why conserve? Precautionary principle

39. Succession, Disturbance and Stability Draw a picture showing how disturbance can increase diversity. How is succession involved? How is stability involved?