1. Entire Unit 2 PowerPoint APES 2012

2. Goals for the Day 1. Find out what we already know about ecology 2. Be able to define ecology 3. Be able to describe environments in different ways

3. Question of the Day What is ecology?

4. What is Ecology? How organisms interact with one another and with their nonliving environment Study of CONNECTIONS

5. What are Organisms?

6. EukaryotesProkaryotes

7. Ecological Organization Individual Species are groups of organisms that resemble one another Populations Group of interacting individuals of the same species Communities Populations of different species occupying the same place Ecosystems Community interacting with one another and nonliving environment Biomes Regions made up of ecosystems Biosphere Zone of earth where life is found Fig. 4-2 p. 66

8. Abiotic Components Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Life Zone Nonliving, physical and chemical factors that influence organisms in land ecosystems and aquatic life zones

9. Law of Tolerance Presence of a species determined by abiotic factors falling within the range of tolerance Individuals in a population may have slightly different tolerance ranges because of genetic differences, health, age

10. Tolerance Limits

11. Limiting Factors Terrestrial Ecosystem Aquatic Life Zone Limiting Factor Principle: Too much OR too little of any abiotic factor can limit/prevent growth, even if all other factors are at or near optimum range

12. Biotic Components Producers (autotrophs) Living organisms in land ecosystems and aquatic life zones, producers or consumers chemosynthesis photosynthesis

13. Biotic Components ConsumerExamples Herbivore Carnivore Omnivore Scavenger Detritivore

14. Biotic Components Detritivores: feed on parts of dead organisms, cast-off fragments, and wastes of living organisms

15. Salinization Lab 2. How much of the 4% stock solution do you need? 1. Predict whether Lima beans will be affected at the same salinization state your reasoning.

16. Goals for the Day 1. Set up Salinization labs 2. Be able to define ecology 3. Be able to explain the law of tolerance 4. Be able to describe environments in different ways

17. Question of the Day What is the law of tolerance?

18. Law of Tolerance Presence of a species determined by abiotic factors falling within the range of tolerance Individuals in a population may have slightly different tolerance ranges because of genetic differences, health, age

19. Law of Tolerance Presence of a species determined by abiotic factors falling within the range of tolerance What does the Law of Tolerance have to do with our Salinization Experiments?

20. Salinization Labs

21. Goals for the Day 1. Be able to list the 3 things that sustain life on earth 2. Be able to explain the difference between a food chain & a food web 3. Be able to interpret & explain an energy pyramid

22. Question of the Day What type of factor is “salinity” in an ecosystem? How do you know?

23. Sustaining Life on Earth

24. Earth’s Life-Support Systems Atmosphere Troposphere 11 miles above sea level Stratosphere 11-30 miles Hydrosphere Lithosphere Biosphere

25. THE Main Source of Energy

26. ENERGY Second Law of ThermodynamicsFirst Law of Thermodynamics

27. Intro to ecology 90% energy loss for each increasing level

28. Primary Productivity Gross primary productivity (GPP) Net primary productivity (NPP) The rate at which producers store chemical energy minus the rate at which producers use chemical energy.

29. Energy Pyramid – 90% of energy lost at each level

30. Food Chain Basics! A food chain should always start with a – Arrows indicate the -

31. Food Chain vs. Food Web

32. Food Web

33. Food Webs Human Blue whaleSperm whale Crabeater seal Killer whale Elephant seal Leopard seal Adélie penguins Petrel Fish Squid Carnivorous plankton Krill Phytoplankton Herbivorous zooplankton Emperor penguin

34. Trophic Levels

35. Food Webbing Activity

36. Goals for the Day 1. Be able to name & describe the two types of succession 2. Be able to list the 3 things that sustain life on earth 3. Be able to draw & explain a food web

37. Question of the Day What are the 3 factors that sustain life on earth?

38. Ecological Succession Success/Succession Root Meaning – Ecological Succession- gradual change in species composition of a given area

39. Ecological Succession Primary Succession – Secondary Succession-

40. Which type of Succession?

41. Succession Vocab Pioneer species –

43. Succession Vocab Climax community– mature community

44. Examples of Secondary Succession

45. Food Web Practice: What is wrong with this Food Web?

46. Food Webbing Activity

47. Goals for the Day: ·Be able to explain the difference between a food chain & a food web ·Be able to interpret & explain an energy pyramid

48. Question of the Day: Draw a food chain with 7 levels in it. (Remember what type of organism a food chain should start with and what the arrows indicate).

49. Grass Aphid Ladybug American Robin Cooper's Hawk Bird Lice Tick Grasshopper Field Mouse Coyote American Robin

50. Question # 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Page # 169 167 170-171 174-175 185 180-185 180 Questions & Page # for your Food Webbing Activity – DUE WEDNESDAY

51. Goals for the Day 1. Be able to explain an energy pyramid 2. Be able to reconstruct an energy pyramid, food web, & biomass pyramid 3. Be able to figure out how much energy it takes to support organisms from different tropic levels

52. Question of the Day What does the energy pyramid represent? Why does it get smaller at each level?

53. Energy Pyramid

54. Salinization Lab Make total counts on germination For the Lima Beans, make sure you are counting anything that cracked. In your observations, make notes about the presence of roots, or length of the roots in each trial.

55. Owl Pellet Activity

56. Goals for the Day 1. Be able to explain an energy pyramid 2. Be able to reconstruct an energy pyramid, food web, pyramid of numbers, & biomass pyramid 3. Be able to figure out how much energy it takes to support organisms from different tropic levels

57. Question of the Day What is always on the bottom of an energy pyramid? Which trophic level has the most available energy?

58. Energy Pyramid

59. Ecological Efficiency

60. Abandoned FieldOcean Tertiary consumers Secondary consumers Primary consumers Producers Pyramid of Biomass

61. Pyramid of Numbers Grassland (summer) Temperate Forest (summer) Producers Primary consumers Secondary consumers Tertiary consumers

62. Salinization Lab Make total counts on germination For the Lima Beans, make sure you are counting anything that cracked. In your observations, make notes about the presence of roots, or length of the roots in each trial.

63. Owl Pellet Activity

64. Goals for the Day 1. Be able to explain an energy pyramid, pyramid of numbers, & pyramid of biomass 2. Be able to reconstruct an energy pyramid, food web, pyramid of numbers, & biomass pyramid 3. Be able to figure out how much energy it takes to support organisms from different tropic levels 4. Begin learning the biogeochemical cycles

65. Question of the Day Why would a pyramid of numbers have a smaller number of primary producers compared to primary consumers?

66. Owl Pellet Activity

67. Goals for the Day 1. Begin learning the biogeochemical cycles 2. Finish/discuss Salinization labs

68. Question of the Day Why is it important to learn the biogeochemical cycles?

69. Goals for the Day 1. Be able to define, describe, and give an example of different types of relationships between organisms. 2. Be able to define a niche and describe generalists vs. specialist and fundamental vs. realized niches 3. Begin learning the biogeochemical cycles

70. Question of the Day What does evolution mean? (Try to define it in 3 words or less)

71. Interactions between and among species… Coevolution Organisms evolve together and depend upon one another in some way.

72. Types of Coevolution Predation: The act of one organism relying on another organism to kill as food.

73. Types of Coevolution Parasitism: One organism feeds on, and usually lives on or in another organism. Ex. Ticks

74. Types of Coevolution Mutualism: 2 organisms that depend upon one another and benefit mutually. Ex. Bacteria and Your Digestive System…

75. Types of Coevolution Commensalism: One organism benefits and the other is neither harmed nor helped. Ex. Clown fish and sea anemone

76. Competition Why might two organisms compete?

77. Competition Competition: When 2 species depend on the same resource for survival. Ex. Wolves and Cats may have the same food source that they’re competing for…

78. What is a niche? Species’ way of life or functional role in an ecosystem Everything that affects its survival and reproduction Range of tolerance for physical and chemical conditions Types and amounts of resources it uses How it interacts with other living and nonliving components Role it plays in energy flow and matter cycling

79. Fundamental vs. Realized Full potential range a species’ could theoretically use if no direct competition from other species Part of the fundamental niche a species actually uses Done to avoid competition for the same resources

80. Generalist vs. Specialist Have broad niche Live in many places Eat variety of food Tolerate wide range of environmental conditions Have narrow niche Live in one type of habitat Only 1-2 types of food Tolerate narrow range of environmental conditions

81. Competition Intraspecific Interspecific

82. Goals for the Day 1. Be able to define, describe, and give an example of different types of relationships between organisms. 2. Be able to define a niche and describe generalists vs. specialist and fundamental vs. realized niches 3. Begin learning the biogeochemical cycles

83. Question of the Day Name the 5 types of relationships we talked about yesterday & “define” each (, )

85. Interactions between and among species… Coevolution: Organisms evolve together and depend upon one another in some way. What type of co-evolutionary Relationship is a butterfly & a flower? *Think about whether the organisms Benefit, are harmed, or neither in the interaction

86. Competitive Exclusion When one population takes over another population’s niche forcing the population to leave the area.

87. Competitive Exclusion Principle High Low Relative population density 024681012141618 Days Each species grown alone Paramecium aurelia Paramecium caudatum High Low Relative population density 024681012141618 Days Both species grown together Paramecium aurelia Paramecium caudatum

88. What would these graphs indicate about the niches of these 2 bacteria? High Low Relative population density 024681012141618 Days Each species grown alone Paramecium aurelia Paramecium caudatum High Low Relative population density 024681012141618 Days Both species grown together Paramecium aurelia Paramecium caudatum

89. Reducing or Avoiding Competition

90. Goals for the Day 1. Demonstrate what we have learned about biogeochemical cycles 2. Feel prepared for the test on Wednesdsay/Thursday

91. Question of the Day Draw a generalized biogeochemical Cycle.

92. Goals for the Day 1. Feel prepared for the test on Wednesday/Thursday

93. Question of the Day What questions do we still have?