1. VALIDITY IS THE RESEARCH MEASURING WHAT IT AIMED TO MEASURE?

2. Orne & Holland (1968) criticise Milgram’s study for lack of: 1.Experimental (Internal) Validity 2.Ecological (External) Validity 1.EXPERIMENTAL (INTERNAL) VALIDITY… …is a measure of whether experimental procedures actually work and the results are genuine! e.g. The controls (did anything else affect PPs?) The measurements (accurate & meaningful?) The demand characteristics (could PPs work out the aims & change their behaviour?)

3. 2. Ecological (External) Validity… …The extent to which the study’s results can be generalised beyond the research situation e.g. –The setting (was it realistic?) –The sample (was it representative? What about females, or the elderly?)

4. LOW v HIGH VALIDITY GAME

5. EXPERIMENTAL (INTERNAL) VALIDITY Milgram argued that the distress shown by the PPs taking part was due to feeling they had to follow the demands of an authority figure and to be obedient. HIGH VALIDITY!

6. The study was repeated many times using the same procedure! HIGH VALIDITY!

7. Participants may have only shocked the learner as they were paid to take part and were bound to a contract. They were not being obedient LOW INTERNAL VALIDITY!

8. Orne and Holland Argue that the participants don’t believe the experiment is real, they don’t think they are really hurting the learner LOW INTERNAL VALIDITY!

9. Milgram asked participants after the study (using a questionnaire) if they thought it was fake, they all responded that they thought it was real. HIGH INTERNAL VALIDITY!

10. Ecological (external) validity Research conducted in other countries found varying levels of obedience: Holland, Germany and Austria were higher than Britain and Australia (however procedure may have varied so comparison difficult) LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY!

11. Rank and Jacobson carried out an obedience study on nurses on a known drug and they were not obedient which questions Milgram’s findings LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY

12. Hoffling repeated the study in a real life setting in a hospital and got similar results showing obedience is high in real life also HIGH ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY!

13. When Milgram repeated his study in run down offices the obedience rate was lower suggesting the setting affected obedience LOW ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY!

14. When study was conducted with females, similar results were shown! HIGH ECOLOGICAL VALIDITY!

15. WHY DO OEDIENCE LEVELS VARY IN THE STUDIES LOOKED AT SO FAR….?

16. Create your own way of explaining the following reasons for obedience.. 1.Legitimate authority 2.Gradual commitment 3.Contractual Obligation 4.Altering meaning of situation 5.The genetic shift 6.Buffer 7.Personality Factors

17. Independent behaviour ‘Going against the pressure to conform or obey so that behaviour is not altered.’ Why do you think this might occur?