2. Propaganda -the systematic distribution of a given doctrine or allegations reflecting its views and interests (The dissemination of information aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of people)

3. Considers Audience: Homemakers Business Executives Teenagers Children Retirees Singles Men Women

4. HUMOR Used to attract and keep attention, and help memory, not really a manipulative tactic

5. 16 Propaganda Techniques

6. Testimonial -tells you to base your decision on what someone else thinks, usually someone who is famous or important A famous person recommends a product; also political endorsements Example: “In my last movie, I saved my family from terrorists and I'm supporting this party because they will save you from terrorists!”

7. Bandwagon - says that most people feel one way about an issue and urges the others to go with the majority Example: You see on t.v. that everyone is buying mustangs. It’s the new thing, like a trend. So you "jump on the bandwagon" like everyone else and go out and buy a mustang.

8. Glittering Generalities - uses words that are patriotic, attractive, or catchy, but they don’t really say anything Example: "Drinking this water is like sipping the 'crisp, luscious ocean'" - it's not true, because it doesn't really mean anything, but it will get people to buy it.

9. Name-Calling - makes accusations, but doesn’t give any facts to support the claims Example: “My opponent is a flip-flop man who cannot make up his mind. He changes mind with the breeze! How could anyone follow such a weak-willed flip-flopper?”

10. Plain/Ordinary Folks -tries to associate itself with simple values and down to earth people. May link contrary idea with people who think they are better than others Visiting a church, the President dresses in a dark suit and blue shirt. He walks slowly and with hands together in front of him. He talks gravely with people. He sings with joy and prays with fervor. Later that day, he has changed into denims and fleece top to take the dog for a walk. Along the way, he meets another dog owner and exchanges cheery pleasantries.

11. Scare Tactics -describes possible negative effects with strong and unsupported images that make people act out of fear instead of reason Example: Anti-drug TV commercial: “This is your brain. These are drugs. This is your brain on drugs.”

12. Slippery Slope -predicts a series of increasingly unacceptable consequences Example: "We have to stop the tuition increase! The next thing you know, they'll be charging $40,000 a semester!"

13. Appeal to Science - attempts to suggest that a fair and scientific judgment would conclude something that may or may not be actually supported by facts

14. Guilt by Association - implies that if one person has done something illegal or otherwise incorrect, then the people who associate with him or her have probably committed similar misbehaviors Libard and Ferris are discussing who they are going to vote for as the next department chair in the philosophy department. Libard is a radical feminist and she despises Wayne and Bill, who are two sexist professors in the department. Ferris: "So, who are you going to vote for?" Libard: "Well, I was thinking about voting for Jane, since she is a woman and there has never been a woman chair here. But, I think that Steve will do an excellent job. He has a lot of clout in the university and he is a decent person." Ferris: "You know, Wayne and Bill are supporting him. They really like the idea of having Steve as the new chair. I never thought I'd see you and those two pigs on the same side." Libard: "Well, maybe it is time that we have a woman as chair."

15. Half Truths or Omitted Details - give some, but not all, of the facts on an issue, in order to present only the viewpoint that the person wants to share

16. Innuendo or Rumor - suggests that negative things are true without defining or explaining them

17. Overgeneralizations -broadly extends good or bad qualities without documenting their accuracy Example: A patriot pontificates: “In times of crisis, every American supports his President.” This statement is an overgeneralization because it assumes too much to be proven possible. Until most Americans can be contacted and surveyed, this statement cannot be proven valid. We can correct this mistake by clarifying how many people profess to support the President, and under what conditions they would not. Public support could change day by day and topic by topic.

18. Post Hoc - tells you because two things happened one after the other, the first caused the second. Example: I had been doing pretty poorly this season. Then my girlfriend gave me this neon laces for my spikes and I won my next three races. Those laces must be good luck...if I keep on wearing them I can't help but win!

19. False Dilemma - only two choices are given when, in fact, there are three Senator Jill: "We'll have to cut education funding this year." Senator Bill: "Why?" Senator Jill: "Well, either we cut the social programs or we live with a huge deficit and we can't live with the deficit."

20. Stereotyping - uses commonly held images of a group to make a point which isn’t necessarily true

21. Snobbery - tries to make people think they can be better than others by acting or thinking a certain way