1. A Brief Introduction to History of Modern China Jin Guangyao Professor of History Fudan University

2. Chinese Modern History: Late Qing Period: 1840—1911 Republican Period: 1912—1949 People’s Republic: 1949--

3. Ancient China Over 5000 years of historical continuity Among the oldest civilizations in the world More than twenty dynasties recorded in Chinese long history Tang dynasty (618—907), one of the most prosperous dynasties.

4. Confucius (551- 479 B.C.)

5. the Confucians emphasize the concept of REN 仁 the need for self-discipline the self-examination compromise and tolerance as the inner virtues of people

6. Qing Dynasty 1644-1911

7. Late Qing Period Qing: the last dynasty in China founded by Manzu in 1644 Man zu, Han zu: different nationalities Qing facing the crisis in early 19 th century from both within and without

8. The First Opium War 1840-1842

9. Nanjing Treaty 1842: the first unequal treaty between China and Powers the opening of five ports; the cession of HK, extraterritoriality an indemnity as war compensation

10. After the First Opium War Most of Chinese officials were still arrogant Some began to face the reality The Second Opium War 1856-1860

11. Li Hongzhang (1823 - 1901), considered as the leader of the “Self- Strengthening Movement”, was the most influential politician in late 19th century.

12. Chinese-Japanese War 1894-1895

13. Aftermath of the War 1894-95 Calling for reform Reform demand rejected by Qing dynasty New generation turned to revolution

14. Sun Yat-sen( 1866-1925), the leader of a new generation of revolutionaries. His political ideal was to overthrow the monarchy system and to set up a republic based on American model.

15. On Jan. 1, 1912, the Republic of China was established.

16. Sun Yat-sen’s political ideal Military governance Tutelage governance (Nationalist Party) Constitutional government

17. Political turbulence → warlord period Sun failed to get support from Great Powers Sun’s cooperation with Russia and CCP

18. Chiang Kai-shek (1887-1975) became the leader of the Nationalist Party after Sun’s death

19. In July 1921, the first congress was held in Shanghai, marking the birth of CCP

20. Nationalist-Communist coalition between 1924 and 1927

21. Mao Zedong (1893-1976) became the leader of CCP

22. In 1937 Japan launched a full-scale aggression against China

23. Mao Zedong and Jiang Jieshi

24. The Civil War between KMT and CCP (1946-1949)

25. Mao announced the establishment of the People’s Republic of China on Oct.1, 1949

26. Mao’s Path to China’s Modernization mass mobilization: revolutionary experience rapid economic growth: eager to economic development

27. Great Leap Forward : millions of people were mobilized to making Steel

28. People’s Commune: Public Canteen

29. Mao’s Road to China’s Modernization Economic chaos created the difference between Mao and the pragmatic leaders Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping Policy difference resulted in the Cultural Revolution

30. The Cultural Revolution 1966-1976

31. Deng in 1978

32. The opening up of Pudong