1. Secondary Interventions Function-based Strategies to Support At-Risk Students

2. Acknowledgements Rob Horner, Leanne Hawken, Rob March Fern Ridge Middle School, Clear Lake Elementary, Templeton Elementary, …

3. Objectives To understand the components necessary for secondary interventions To preview an example of a secondary intervention: the Check-In Check-Out system To have the information necessary to strengthen secondary interventions that are currently in place in your school

4. What is a Secondary Intervention? An intervention (or set of interventions) known by all staff and available for students during the school day Interventions that provide additional student support in academic, organizational, and/ or social support areas

5. Academic SystemsBehavioral Systems 1-5% 5-10% 80-90% Tertiary Interventions Individual Students Assessment-based High Intensity Tertiary Interventions Individual Students Assessment-based Intense, durable procedures Secondary Interventions Some students (at-risk) High efficiency Rapid response Secondary Interventions Some students (at-risk) High efficiency Rapid response Primary Interventions All students Preventive, proactive Primary Interventions All settings, all students Preventive, proactive Designing School-wide Systems for Student Success

6. Prerequisites Effective & proactive School-wide system in place Team-based problem solving Local behavioral capacity –Functional assessment-based behavior support planning –Social skills programming –Behavioral interventions Administrator participation

7. School-wide discipline is… 1.Identify a common purpose and approach to discipline 2.Define a clear set of positive expectations and behaviors 3. Implement procedures for teaching expected behavior 4.Differentiate supports from a continuum of procedures for encouraging expected behavior 5. Differentiate supports from a continuum of procedures for discouraging inappropriate behavior 6. Implement procedures for on-going monitoring and evaluation

8. Tier 2/3 Team membership: Critical features Someone skilled in function-based assessment, behavior support planning & implementation Someone skilled in data-based decision making for individual student progress Administrator Staff who know the student(s) Family members

9. No heroes……. thanks anyway Do not try to provide support in isolation We do not want heroes, –We want self-managers; work your way out of the manager role It takes a team If you already know it, challenge yourself to explain or teach it to someone else.

10. Create Templates for Tier 2 Starting with a template makes frequent tasks more efficient –Form letter (document template) –Business form –Stencil

11. Defining Secondary Interventions at your school Not all students require an intensive, individualized intervention Basic rule: do the least amount to produce the biggest effect! We can match students w/ pre-existing programs that can address the function the problem behavior is serving for a student Check-In Check-Out is a common, comprehensive Tier 2 Intervention framework

12. Tier 2: Small Group Intervention Examples Social Skills Groups Check In/Check Out Academic Support Groups Self-Monitoring Program

13. Think Functionally When Choosing Interventions “Problem Behaviors” are functional skills Interventions must consider the purpose of behavior (from student’s perspective) Seek a match from intervention menu for the needs of each individual student

14. Requirements Secondary, individualized, small group interventions –Based on functional behavioral assessment information –Social skills instruction –Behavioral programming –Multiple opportunities for high rates of academic success

15. Daily behavioral monitoring –Self and/or adult Regular, frequent opportunities for positive reinforcement –Tangible to social –External to internal –Predictable to unpredictable –Frequent to infrequent Home-school connection

16. Other Strategies Behavioral contracts Adult mentor/monitor Secondary social skills instruction –Problem solving –Conflict management Self-management programming Academic restructuring

17. Critical Features Intervention is continuously available Rapid access to intervention (less than a week) Very low effort by teachers Positive system of support –Students agree to participate Implemented by all staff/faculty in a school Flexible intervention based on assessment –Functional behavioral assessment

18. Adequate resources allocated (admin, team) Continuous monitoring for decision-making Administrative support –Time & money allocated No major changes in school climate –E.g., teacher strikes, administrative turnover, major changes in funding Plan implementation a top priority Critical Features

19. Working with Schools Interested in Implementing Secondary Interventions Provide Overview to Behavior Team Provide Overview to all staff –Faculty vote 1-2 Professional development days for behavior team to develop intervention to fit school culture –See BEP Development & Implementation Guide (Hawken, 2004) for training content After development, gather feedback from all staff on format/structure Ongoing coaching and feedback

20. Who is Appropriate for Secondary Intervention? APPROPRIATE –Low-level problem behavior (not severe) –2-5 referrals –Behavior occurs across multiple locations –Examples talking out minor disruption work completion INAPPROPRIATE – Serious or violent behaviors/ infractions – Extreme chronic behavior (6+ referrals) – Require more individualized support FBA-BIP Wrap Around Services

21. Which Schools Would Benefit From a Secondary Intervention? How many students does your school have in the range of 2-5 referrals? –If > 10 students- secondary intervention may be appropriate –If < 10 students- implement individualized interventions The secondary intervention should be able to reasonably accommodate 15-30 students/year

22. Conduct Brief Functional Assessment Is the behavior maintained by escape from social interaction? Is the behavior related to lack of academic skills? Is the behavior maintained by peer attention Escape Motivated Secondary Intervention Reduce adult interaction Use escape as a reinforcer Secondary Intervention + Academic Support Increase academic support Peer Motivated Secondary Intervention Allow student to earn reinforcers to share with peers

23. Implement Basic Secondary Intervention Is Is it Working? Continue with Basic Secondary Intervention Transition to self- management Yes No Conduct Brief Functional Behavioral Assessment Where does the problem behavior occur/not occur? Why does the problem behavior keep happening? Develop summary statement of problem behavior and meet with team to determine plan

24. Obstacles to Implementation Administrator not on the team that develops the plan and looks at data for decision making Plan used as punishment rather than prevention program Plan coordinator lacks skills to implement the program (e.g., behavior intervention, computer) Schools expecting plan to solve all behavior problems Fitting plan and data evaluation into existing teams

25. Defining Secondary Interventions at your school Not all students require an intensive, individualized intervention Basic rule: do the least amount to produce the biggest effect! We can match students w/ pre-existing programs that can address the function the problem behavior is serving for a student Check-In Check-Out is a comprehensive Secondary Intervention

26. Secondary Intervention Check in Check out Social Skills Club Reading BuddiesHomework ClubLunch Buddies Access to adult attention yes Access to peer attention yes Access to choice of alternatives/activities yes Option for avoiding aversive activities yes Option for avoiding aversive social peer/adult attention yes Structural prompts for ‘what to do’ throughout the day yes At least 5 times during the day when positive feedback is set up yes A school-home communication system yes Opportunity for adaptation into a self- management system yes

27. Big Ideas Schools need different systems to deal with different levels of problem behavior in schools. Secondary group interventions are efficient systems for supporting students at-risk for more severe forms of problem behavior. Up to 30 students (depending on school size/resources) can be served using a secondary intervention. Some students are going to need more intensive support than the secondary intervention can provide.

28. Research Articles Hawken, L. S. & Horner R. H., (2003) Implementing a Secondary Group Intervention Within a School- Wide System of Behavior Support. Journal of Behavioral Education, 12, 225-240. March, R. E. & Horner, R. H. (2002) Feasibility and contributions of functional behavioral assessment in schools. Journal of Emotional and Behavioral Disorders, 10, 158-70.

29. Manual on how to Implement the BEP Crone, D. A., Horner, R. H., & Hawken, L. S. (2010). Responding to problem behavior in schools: The behavior education program (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.