1. Step Wise Project planning

2. An overview of Step Wise Project planning

3. Step Activities within step 0 Select project 1Identify project scope and objectives 1.1 Identify objectives and measures of effectiveness in meeting them 1.2 Establish a project authority 1.3 Identify stakeholders 1.4 Modify objectives in the light of stakeholder analysis 1.5 Establish methods of communication with all parties 2 Identify project infrastructure 2.1 Establish relationship between project and strategic planning 2.2 Identify installation standards and procedures 2.3 Identify project team organization

4. 3 Analyse project characteristics 3.1 Distinguish the project as either objective- or product- driven 3.2 Analyse other project characteristics 3.3 Identify high-level project risks 3.4Take into account user requirements concerning implementation 3.5 Select general life-cycle approach 3.6 Review overall resource estimates 4Identify project products and activities 4.1Identify and describe project products (including quality criteria) 4.2 Document generic product flows 4.3 Recognize product instances 4.4 Produce ideal activity network 4.5Modify ideal to take into account need for stages and checkpoints

5. 5 Estimate effort for each activity 5.1 Carry out bottom-up estimates 5.2 Revise plan to create controllable activities 6 Identify activity risks 6.1 Identify and quantify activity-based risks 6.2 Plan risk reduction and contingency measures where appropriate 6.3 Adjust plans and estimates to take account of risks 7 Allocate resources 7.1 Identify and allocate resources 7.2Revise plans and estimates to take account of resource constraints 8 Review/publicize plan 8.1 Review quality aspects of project plan 8.2 Document plans and obtain agreement 9/10 Execute plan/lower levels of planning This may require the reiteration of the planning process at a lower level

6. Step 1: Identify Project Scope and Objectives Steps 1, 2 and 3 are longer-term planning, broad in outline 1.1 Identify objectives and practical measures of effectiveness in meeting them - vision document helps find the objectives - measuring effectiveness can be in terms of software quality...

7. Software Quality integrity - safekeeping of data product operation quality factors: correctness - fulfils user objectives / meet specifications reliability - failure rate / degree of accuracy efficiency - computer resources required usability - effort required to learn and use product revision quality factors: maintainability - effort required to locate and fix errors testability - effort required to test / scope, precision of test flexibility - effort required to modify product transition quality factors: portability - effort required to switch hardware/OS reusability - of components in other applications interoperability - effort required to couple to another system

8. Step 1: Identify Project Scope and Objectives 1.2 Establish a project authority a single person or group with unity of purpose to avoid being pulled in different directions 1.3 Stakeholder analysis - identify all stakeholders in the project and their interests & 1.4 Modify objectives in light of the stakeholder analysis again, can look to the vision document 1.5 Establish methods of communication with all parties including external authorities/providers might lead to making a communications plan

9. Step 2: Identify Project Infrastructure 2.1 Identify relationship between the project and strategic planning a strategic business or it plan needs to document: order of projects hardware & software standards to be met 2.2 Identify installation standards and procedures making sure that all changes are documented, approved and reviewed specifying which measure of quality are to be used and when 2.3 Identify project team organisation can you choose, or is it pre-specified? either way, what impact will team and sub-team structure have?

10. Step 3: Analyse Project Characteristics 3.1 Distinguish the project as either objective- or product-driven objective driven will give you more freedom but often there is a specified product you have to build to form a solution 3.2 Analyse other project characteristics essentially considering non-functional requirements: safety critical? sensitive data? speed/space requirements?

11. Step 3: Analyse Project Characteristics 3.3 Identify high level project risks as discussed in the Iteration Planning lecture don't forget aspects such as resistance to change 3.4 Take into account user requirements concerning implementation some organisations (such as government) might require use of the waterfall method

12. Step 3: Analyse Project Characteristics 3.5 Select development methodology and lifecycle approach if 3.4 allows a choice, then figure what's best based upon: staff available time available distribution of resources 3.6 Review overall resource estimates and if need be revise cost estimates, team organisation and risks

13. Step 4: Identify Project Products and Activities more detailed planning of individual activities 4.1 Identify and describe project products activities should produce tangible products: deliverables - to be hand over to the client at the end of the project also includes technical products: training manual, operating instructions intermediates - used in the process of creating deliverables also includes planning and quality products: uml documentation, test cases

14. Products products can be composite - made up of several smaller (sub) products each should be documented by a product description (PRINCE2): name purpose derivation (if it modifies an existing product) composition form relevant standards quality criteria (for acceptance)

15. Step 4: Identify Project Products and Activities 4.2 Document generic product flows some products cannot be created until other products exist these relationships can be captured in a product flow diagram: A fragment of a Product Flow Diagram (PFD) for a software development task

16. Step 4: Identify Project Products and Activities 4.3 Recognise product instances spot when the same PFD fragment relates to many instances of a type product that might allow you to re-use the plans for the activities which produce it assign team members to undertake groups of activities with similar pfd

17. Step 4: Identify Project Products and Activities 4.4 Produce ideal activity network fig3.5 Ch 3 Software Project Management 'ideal' because resource constraints are not taken into account

18. Step 4: Identify Project Products and Activities 4.5 Modify the ideal to take into account need for stages and checkpoints sequencing activities in 4.4 encourages a plan which will minimise the project time it assumes that a dependent activity can start as soon as the preceeding ones have completed in reality we will want to divide the project into stages and introduce checkpoint activities...

19. Checkpoint Activities & Milestones checking that products are compatible just after a checkpoint is a good place to add a milestone: a dummy activity with no duration indicates the start or end of a group of activities can represent the completion of an important stage of a project so useful for ensuring that overall monitoring of the project (such as by the project authority) takes place regularly at appropriate points

20. Step 5: Estimate effort for each activity 5.1 Carry out bottom-up estimates staff, time, effort (staff x time), other resources needed 5.2 Revise plan to create controllable activities long activities (say 12 weeks) make a project difficult to control after 6 weeks are we 50% complete? can be hard to tell better to break down into smaller subtasks conversely, some very short, connected activities might be better bundled together, with a simple checklist roughly aim for activities to match the length of the reporting period if you have progress meetings every 2 weeks, try to identify activities which take two weeks

21. Step 6: Identify activity risks 6.1 Identify and quantify activity-based risks look at the assumptions in the plan, such as: time required availability of staff/resources these generate uncertainty simple way to handle: create a most likely estimate for time/effort create a second estimate with a safety margin such that the target has a 95% chance of being met look at the damage that could be caused by a risk pick out the most important ones

22. Step 6: Identify activity risks 6.2 Plan risk reduction and contingency measures where appropriate reduce where possible otherwise specify a contingency plan for example: contract temporary developer if team member becomes unavailable through illness 6.3 Adjust overall plans and estimates to take account of risks including adding new activities - such as training and practice - if need be

23. Step 7: Allocate Resources 7.1 Identify and allocate resources what type of staff is needed for activity? who is (provisionally) available when required? 7.2 Revise plans and estimates to take into account resource constraints where there is conflict establish an order of priority note effects upon project duration a GANNT chart can help resolve conflict and maximise productivity...

24. GANNT Chart fig3.6 Ch 3 Software Project Management (5th Edition, 2009) Hughes & Cotterell

25. Step 8: Review/Publicise plan 8.1 Review quality aspects of the project plan sometimes undertaking one activity can reveal that an earlier activity was not properly completed: will have to be reworked will require effort and resources can lead to loss of control of project need to be sure that a completed task is truly completed need quality criteria for each task tick off when complete the list from step 1.1 will help form these

26. Step 8: Review/Publicise plan 8.2 Document plans and obtain agreement make sure everyone understands and agrees specify this task in a communications plan if need be (as mentioned in step 1.5)

27. Steps 9 and 10: Execute Plan / Lower Levels of Planning during the project draw up plans for activities in greater detail as they become due detail has to wait as more information becomes available especially if you are using an iterative development approach maintain provisional plans for more important later tasks planning in great detail too soon could be a waste of time

28. To conclude planning a project properly is almost a project in itself the Step Wise method is one good approach documenting the plan is important: the activities the products the schedule the measures of quality the lines of communication the procedures/standards which must be met this is a vast topic and wider reading for those interested is recommended

29. Aside – When to plan Planning is an on-going process of refinement Planning at different stages of the project has different emphases and purposes

30. Project Vs Activity A project is composed of a number of related activities A project may start when at least one of its activities is ready to start A project will be completed when all of its activities have been completed

31. Project Vs Activity (cont’d) An activity must have a clear start and a clear stop An activity should have a duration that can be forecasted Some activities may require that other activities are completed before they can begin

32. Activity Planning A project plan is a schedule of activities indicating the start and stop for each activity – Also provide the project and resource schedules The start and stop of each activity should be visible and easy to measure Each activity should have some ‘deliverables’ for ease of monitoring

33. Activity Planning (cont’d) During planning, managers consider: – Resource availability – Resource allocation – Staff responsibility – Project Monitoring – Cash flow forecasting – Re-planning of the project towards the pre- defined goal

34. Other Objectives of Activity Planning Feasibility assessment Resource allocation Detailed costing Motivation Co-ordination

35. Different Levels of Plans Project Schedule: a plan that shows – 1. the dates when each activity should start and stop – 2. when and how much of the resources will be required Activity Plan: a plan that describes – how each activity will be undertaken

36. Project Schedule in 4 Stages Ideal Activity Plan – An activity plan without any constraints Risk consideration for each activity Resource consideration for whole project Schedule production and publication

37. Various Approaches Towards Identifying Activity Activity-based approach Product-based approach Hybrid approach

38. Activity-based Approach Use Work Breakdown Structure (WBS) to generate a task list WBS involves – identifying the main tasks – break each main task down into subtasks – The subtasks can further be broken down into lower level tasks.

39. Activity-based Approach (cont’d)

40. Advantages – More likely to obtain a task catalogue that is complete and is composed of non-overlapping tasks – WBS represents a structure that can be refined as the project proceeds – The structure already suggests the dependencies among the activities

41. Activity-based Approach (cont’d) Disadvantage – Very likely to miss some activities if an unstructured activity list is used

42. Product-based Approach Product Breakdown Structure (PBS) – To show how a system can be broken down into different products for development Product Flow Diagram (PFD) – To indicate, for each product, which products are required as ‘inputs’

43. Product-based Approach (cont’d) Advantages – Less likely to miss a product unexpectedly from a PBS

44. Product-based Approach – An example

45. Hybrid Approach A mix of the activity-based approach and the product-based approach More commonly used approach The WBS consists of – a list of the products of the project; and – a list of activities for each product

46. Hybrid Approach (cont’d)

47. IBM in its MITP methodology suggests 5 levels – Level 1: Project – Level 2: Deliverables (software, manuals etc) – Level 3: Components – Level 4: Work-packages – Level 5: Tasks (individual responsibility)

48. Planning and Scheduling the Activities Once we have a project plan (or, project schedule), we need to schedule the activities in a project taking into account the resource constraints

49. Scheduling Techniques Simple sequencing – Suitable for small projects Critical Path Method (CPM) – Suitable for large software projects – The most commonly used “networking” technique

50. Simple sequencing A simple sequencing of the tasks and the responsible personnel taken into account of the resources Easily presented in a simple bar chart – see figure 6.6 in Hughes book Suitable for allocating individuals to particular tasks at an early stage

51. Critical Path Method (CPM) Primary objectives: – Planning the project so that it can be completed as quickly as possible – Identifying those activities where their delays is likely to affect the overall project completion date Developed by Du Pont Chemical Company and published in 1958

52. Critical Path Method (cont’d) Capture the activities and their inter- relationships using a graph – Lines are used to represent the activities – Nodes are used to represent the start and stop of activities

53. Critical Path Method (cont’d) Adding time dimension – The forward pass calculate the earliest start dates of the activities To calculate the project completion date – The backward pass calculate the latest start dates for activities identify the critical path from the graph

54. Critical Path Method (cont’d) Identifying critical path and critical event – Critical event: an event that has zero slack – Critical path: a path joining those critical events

55. Example to construct a CPM Id.Activity NameDuration (weeks)Precedents AHardware selection7 BSoftware design4 CHardware Installation6A DCoding4B EData Preparation5B FUser Documentation9 GUser Training5E,F HSystem Installation3C,D

56. Example to construct a CPM (cont’d) 3 6 71 Event Number Earliest start date Latest start date Slack

57. Example to construct a CPM (cont’d) 1 0 00 2 0 77 3 2 64 4 0 131313 5 2 19 6 0 16161616 A=7 B=4D=4 C=6 H=3 F=9G=5 E=5

58. Activity Float Time allowed for an activity to delay 3 different types: – Total float (without affecting the completion of the project) = latest start date – earliest start date – Free float (without affecting the next activity) = earliest start date of next activity – latest end date of previous activity – Interfering float (= total float - free float)

59. Significance of critical path During planning stage – Shortening the critical path will reduce the overall project duration During management stage – Pay more attention to those activities which fall in the critical path

60. References Hughes, B., and Cotterell, M. (1999) Software Project Management, 2 nd edition, McGraw- Hill. Pfleeger, S.L. (1998) Software Engineering: Theory and Practice, Prentice Hall.