1. Assessment of Physical Activity Sylvia Titze Master of Public Health course Schlosshofen, 12 Jänner 2007

2. Outline  Components of physical activity or information needed to assess physical activity  Methods for the assessment of physical activity  Objective assessment  Self-report  Practise of the assessment of physical activity  IPAQ  Stages of change  Pedometer

3. Information needed to assess physical activity  Frequency Number of activity sessions per day/week/month  Duration Number of minutews of activity in each session  Mode involved muscle group: large vs. specific temporal pattern: continuous vs. intermittent high-impact vs. low impact  Intensity

4. Metabolic equivalent (MET) = measure of absolute intensity  MET = ratio of a person's working metabolic rate to a standard resting metabolic rate.  1 MET = 1 kcal per kg per hour = the caloric consumption of a person during quiet sitting.  Ainsworth et al. (2000). Compendium of Physical Activities. MSSE, 32, S498 - S516. Moderate intensity = 3.0 – 6.0 METs e.g. gardening general (3METs), golf general (4,5 METs), walking at 4,8km/h (3,3 METs), bicycling at 16km/h (4,0 METs)

5. How to assess physical activity?  Objective assessment  Pedometer  Accelerometer  Heart rate monitor  Actiherat  Indirect Calorimetrie: Spirometry Motion detectors

6. How to assess physical activity?  Assessment based on self-report  Physical activity log  Self-report questionnaire  IPAQ (www.ipaq.ki.se)www.ipaq.ki.se  Stages of change  Office in motion questionnaire (Mäder et al. MSSE, 2006, 38, 1255-1266.

7. What pedometer do and do not measure?  Pedometer count steps  With less accuracy pedometer estimate distances walked  Least amount of accuracy pedometers can be used to estimate calories  Pedometer can‘t pick up swimming or bicycling or weight training  Pedometer is perfect for step counting (Tudor-Locke, 2003, S. 17)

8. What accelerometer do and do not measure?  Accelerometers sense initiation of movement (similar to steps) and speed of the movement (similar to intensity)  Leads to activity counts and provides information about frequency, duration, and intensity of p.a.  Algorithms developped to predict METs from accelerometery counts  Accelerometer like pedometer can‘t pick up swimming or bicycling or weight trainuing (Tudor-Locke, 2003, S. 21)

9. What heart-rate-monitors do and do not measure?  Relationship between HR and energy expenditure is nearly linear. Heart rate is an accurate predictor of energy expenditure.  Heart rate is influenced by a variety of factors (e.g. emotional factors, ambient temperature, hydration status, size of muscle mass involved) (Bassett, 2000, p.32)

10. What actiheart does and does not measure? Relative new measurement tool; combines heart rate monitoring and accelerometry. Publication: Brage, S. et al. (2004). J. Appl Physiol, 96, 343-351.

11. Accuracy of measurement Objective assessment  Pedometer and physical activity log  Accelerometer and physical activity log  Accelerometer and heart rate monitor

12. Physical activity log combined with objective measurements Protokoll Donnerstag: 06: 00 07: 00 08: 00 09: 00 10: 00 11: 00 12: 00 13: 00 14: 00 Körperliche Tätigkeiten Radfahren zur Arbeit Schwimmen Radergometer

13. Physical activity log e.g. parents report about child‘s behaviour Protokoll Donnerstag: 06: 00 07:0 0 08:0 0 09:0 0 10:0 0 11:0 0 12:0 0 13:0 0 14:0 0 Schlafen Essen Schulweg Schule Turnstunde / Training Pause (in der Schule) Ruhige Aktivität / Spiele Mit Freunden / Geschwister spielen Auf dem Spielplatz spielen Spazieren / Gehen / Wandern Tanzen Aktive Spiele / Herumtoben Velo/ Skooter/ Inlines/ Rollbrett fahren Auto / Busfahren Musik / Geschichten hören Musikinstrument spielen / singen

14. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (1) www.ipaq.ki.se Self-administered vs. Telephone version (Usual week) vs. last 7 days Short form (7 items) vs. Long form (27 items) Target group: Youth and middle-aged adults (15-69 years) Aim: To provide simple instruments which allow international comparisons of the results regarding health enhancing physical activity Questions about frequency and duration of moderate- intensity and vigorous-intensity physical activty

15. International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) (2) www.ipaq.ki.se Domains (long form)  Job-related physical activity  Transportation physical activity  Housework, house maintenance, and caring for family  Recreation, sport, and leisure-time physical activity  Time spent sitting

16. 5 Stages of readiness for change  Precontemplation = Absichtslosigkeit Inactive and not thinking about becoming active  Contemplation = Absichtsbildung Inactive and thinking about becoming more active  Preparation = Vorbereitung Doing some physical activity  Action = Handlung Doing enough physical activity  Maintemance = Aufrechterhaltung Making physical activity a habit Marcus & Forsythe (2003), S. 13

17. How to use the pedometer Objective assessment Two groups for personal experiences with a pedometer:  First group almost no p.a. during lunch time  Second group some walking (15 min) during lunch time