1. Paradigm Change Core Concept

2. Definition A set of rules and regulations (written or unwritten) that does two things: Establishes or defines boundaries; and Establishes or defines boundaries; and Tells how to behave inside the boundaries in order to be successful Tells how to behave inside the boundaries in order to be successful (Arthur Baker in Future Edge: Discovering New Paradigms)

3. Other definitions Paradigm is fundamental image of the subject matter within a science. It serves to define What should be studied, What should be studied, What should be asked, What should be asked, What rules should be followed in interpreting the answers obtained What rules should be followed in interpreting the answers obtained

4. Thomas Kuhn A paradigm is a worldview or a vision of reality A paradigm is a worldview or a vision of reality It is how we see things. For e.g. America has a constitution America has a constitution The supreme court can interpret the constitution The supreme court can interpret the constitution America is ruled by government America is ruled by government America is a democracy America is a democracy

5. Similar concepts Michel Foucault used the terms episteme and discourse, mathesis and taxinomia, for aspects of a "paradigm" in Kuhn's original sense epistemediscoursemathesistaxinomiaepistemediscoursemathesistaxinomia

6. The Structure of Scientific Revolutions Account of history of science Science is also Socially constructed Kuhn argued that science is a series of peaceful interludes punctuated by intellectually violent revolutions It differed with Karl Popper’s view of theory-testing through falsification

7. Paradigm Addiction The total pattern of perceiving, conceptualizing, acting, validating, and valuing associated with a particular image of reality that prevails in a science of a branch of science E.g. Communist philosophy Communist philosophy Capitalist ideology Capitalist ideology

8. What is a paradigm shift When anomalies or inconsistencies arise within a given paradigm and present problems that we are unable to solve within a given paradigm, our view of the reality must change We must take on new assumptions and expectations that will transform our theories, traditions, rules, and standards of practice

9. Invisible colleges Is a group of peers, typically from different disciplines and with different viewpoints, who band together round a shared interest. First used by Robert Boyle in 1649

10. Invisible colleges They are required for developing a new idea or innovation Required to bring about a paradigm change Required to develop a new innovation Required to diffuse a simple idea

11. Exercise Identify existing Paradigms/dogmas and find an example of how it is constructed and displayed in the field of Handling the drug trafficking problem Handling the drug trafficking problem Tackling HIV/AIDS situation Tackling HIV/AIDS situation Tackling global poverty Tackling global poverty Handling climate change problem Handling climate change problem