1. CRRC 23-Nov-051 The effects of men’s labor migration on rural women’s socioeconomic conditions, social networks, and reproductive behavior in Armenia (preliminary results of a sociological study)

2. CRRC 23-Nov-052 Prepared by: Victor Agadjanian, PhD Cecilia Menjívar, PhD Arizona State University, USA Gohar Shahnazaryan, PhD Sociology Master’s students Yerevan State University

3. CRRC 23-Nov-053 Conceptual framework and research questions How does husband’s migration affect… Household’s material conditions? Women’s economic activities? Marriage and family dynamics? Women’s social ties? Women’s health, reproductive behavior and plans? Women’s gender roles and attitudes? Psychological issues and religion?

4. CRRC 23-Nov-054 The study design Funded by a grant from Arizona State University Institute for Social Science Research and the School of Social and Family Dynamics Conducted as part of a Master’s level “Sociological Practicum” course Students involved in all stages of the project (including this presentation!) It is a pilot study which (hopefully) will lead to a larger study

5. CRRC 23-Nov-055 The Study Design (cont.) The study was conducted in rural areas of two marzes—Tavush and Ararat Tavush—a poorer, more economically depressed marz, with a high level of out-migration. Ararat—a more affluent and economically dynamic marz, closer to Yerevan, less out-migration Data collection: Carried out in late September-October 2005, i.e. just before most seasonal migrants return home A probability survey of 1040 married women in 52 villages A community (village) survey Qualitative in-depth interviews with 27 women whose husbands are current migrants or were in migration in 2005 All participants received a symbolic gift (coffee + chocolate)

6. CRRC 23-Nov-056 Ararat

7. 7 Tavush

8. 8 Ararat

9. 9 Tavush

10. 10 The Survey: Sampling 26 villages in each marz (52 in total) were selected with the probability proportional to estimated population size Within each village, the goal was to interview 20 married women aged 18-45: 10 whose husbands are current/recent migrants and 10 whose husbands are not current/recent migrants In each village, 10 interviewers, 2 interviews per interviewer In each village, 10 first addresses were selected randomly from the village household lists The remaining 10 (or more if prior non-response) addresses were selected using a random walking algorithm. Important: the survey was not meant to produce a representative migration profile of the rural population but to compare women whose husbands are migrants and those whose husbands are not migrants.

11. CRRC 23-Nov-0511

12. CRRC 23-Nov-0512 Sampling (cont.) Locating second respondent: If the first respondent is married to a non-migrant, the second should be one married to a migrant (and vice versa) If no respondent of desired migration status is found at fifth house, the residents are asked where the nearest woman with a migrant husband lives. That woman is interviewed. If in the fifth visited residence no one knows where a woman with desired characteristics lives, the interviewer goes to a next residence following the same algorithm to interview a married woman regardless of her migration status.

13. CRRC 23-Nov-0513 Sampling (cont.) Challenges: Availability of household rosters: if not available, we selected starting points in different parts of the villageAvailability of household rosters: if not available, we selected starting points in different parts of the village Availability of people (many are busy in the fields, working, attending events, etc.)Availability of people (many are busy in the fields, working, attending events, etc.) Availability of “migrants,” especially in Tavush:Availability of “migrants,” especially in Tavush: –Migration as a family or by unmarried men – Խոպան by married men relatively uncommon –“Migrant” households are spatially clustered Resulting sample: 62% Non-migrants; 38% Migrants Lower percentage of migrants in Tavush than in Ararat Why? A different pattern of migration

14. CRRC 23-Nov-0514 Survey instrument Five parts: A.Respondent’s demographic characteristics B.Marriage and husband’s characteristics (including husband’s migration) C.Health and reproduction D.Social ties and community E.Gender attitudes F.Household characteristics and time-use

15. CRRC 23-Nov-0515 Fieldwork: Challenges and solutions Timing of fieldwork: Weekends—to maximize availability of both respondents and interviewers, but… –In rural areas weekends are no less busy that weekdays, especially during the harvest time  Whenever possible, the selected households were revisited until the respondent is available –Elections in some villages and related village politics  We emphasized that our study had nothing to do with politics –Unavailability of community leaders on weekends  We notified them in advance about our study. In a few cases, no advance contact could be established and no residential lists could be obtained. Interviewer-Respondent Age difference: no apparent effect Interviewer-Respondent cultural background differences: no apparent effects Some respondents thought we represent the health services

16. CRRC 23-Nov-0516 Fieldwork: Challenges and solutions (cont.) Some thought we represented social assistance agencies and expected assistance (or saw threat to assistance they were already receiving)  underreporting of wealth, income? Some women suspected that we represented religious organizations: We emphasized that we don’t Yet, overall the refusal rate was very low Questionnaire content: –Some items were “culturally” difficult: Abstract questions Notions of “work” and “working” Questions dealing with social interactions and ties Question on sexual violence –Recall problems: age, year/month of events, number of repeated events –Underreporting: income, help from/to others, cooperation

17. CRRC 23-Nov-0517

18. CRRC 23-Nov-0518 Community survey Collected by supervisors from գյուղապետ or secretary General demographic characteristics Economic characteristics Living conditions and services Assessment of labor out-migration

19. CRRC 23-Nov-0519 Survey data processing CSPro software –Designed by the US Census Bureau and Micro International –Widely used for survey data processing (including in Armenia) –Convenient interface, supports Armenian fonts –Elaborate system of filters and checks –Available free of charge on the Internet –Regularly updated –On-line technical support is free and efficient Double-entry to ensure quality

20. CRRC 23-Nov-0520 Qualitative (in-depth) interviews 27 women married to migrants in both marzes (two villages in Tavush and one in Ararat) The interview guide followed the themes and topics of the survey but explored them in greater depth Most interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed verbatim

21. CRRC 23-Nov-0521 Qualitative (in-depth) interviews (cont.) Interview guide – to complement and expand on the survey Main themes:  Marriage  Children  Work  Religion  Social networks

22. CRRC 23-Nov-0522 Qualitative (in-depth) interviews: Challenges and solutions Content issue Women tend to answer “yes” and “no” Women want to please the interviewers Women were afraid of tape-recording of interviews Second visit Cultural differences Building rapport with respondents

23. CRRC 23-Nov-0523 Data analysis: survey Descriptive and bivariate explorations  “Migrants” vs. “Non-Migrants” comparison“Migrants”:  Definitions of migrants: 1.Husband was in migration 3 months or more, or 2.Husband is current migrant or return less than a month ago  Ararat vs. Tavush comparison  Separate analyses for “migrants” only Multivariate analyses—to establish net effect of husband’s migration on outcomes of interest: OLS regression, Poisson regression, and logistic regression Analyses are done using SPSS and SAS

24. CRRC 23-Nov-0524 Data analysis: survey (cont.) Demographics Economic conditions Health Reproduction Social ties Migration attitudes and prospects Decision-making and gender attitudes

25. CRRC 23-Nov-0525 Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Demographics MigrantNon-Migrant Woman’s age (mean)36.633.0 Age difference (husband-wife)4.44.6 Age at first marriage (mean)19.720.0 Officially registered marriage (%)93.185.0 Woman’s educational level (%) Incomplete secondary5.37.3 Complete secondary42.247.4 Secondary special44.235.6 Incomplete or complete higher8.39.8 Educational differences husb-wife (%) Wife more educated26.430.4 Equally educated51.445.0 Husband more educated22.124.6

26. CRRC 23-Nov-0526 Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Demographics

27. CRRC 23-Nov-0527 Income and economic activities MigrantNon-migrant HH total income (D/month) (mean)7820055200 In Ararat8950066200 In Tavush5880046200 HH income per head (mean)1490010200 In Ararat1720012600 In Tavush112008230 Woman works for income (%)14.716.6 Woman’s monthly earnings (mean)2850024000 (n=152) Took loan from a bank(%)26.122.4

28. CRRC 23-Nov-0528 HH material characteristics MigrantNon-migrant Rooms used for sleeping (mean)2.42.3 Residents per room (mean)2.72.7 Household owns a car (%)28.541.4 HH owns a refrigerator (%)74.474.9 HH owns a color TV (%)87.478.1 HH owns a video or DVD (%)46.833.7 HH owns gas or elect. stove (%)76.269.6 Woman owns a cell phone (%)18.79.6 Woman ate meat in past wk (%)50.056.3

29. CRRC 23-Nov-0529 Agricultural possessions MigrantNon-migrant Household owns agr. land (%)90.887.8 Size of own land, in ha (mean).54.74 Household rents agr. land (%)10.413.9 HH sells/exchanges produce (%)36.939.0 Household owns cows (%)29.938.4

30. CRRC 23-Nov-0530 Perceptions of economic conditions MigrantNon-Migrant Perceived HH wealth relative to most HH in village (%) Most other are wealthier 23.221.4 Most other are poorer 15.717.0 Most are about the same 61.261.6 HH econ. conditions will improve in a year (%) 45.037.5

31. CRRC 23-Nov-0531 Migrants vs. Non-migrants: Health MigrantNon-Migrant Assessment of own health Good16.023.2 Average58.958.4 Bad25.118.4 Has a serious health problem or disability (%)47.839.6 Health worsened in past yr (%)41.735.4 Was sick in bed at least once in past year (%)54.343.4 Had to see doctor in past yr (%)35.133.0 Youngest child was sick in past44.645.7 3 months

32. CRRC 23-Nov-0532 Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Reproduction MigrantNon-Migrant Number of children ever born (mean)2.72.3 Explained by differences in age Wants to have more children (%)14.525.9 Explained by differences in age and number of children Husband wants more children (%)32.040.3 Largely explained by differences in age and number of children Currently uses family planning (%)18.447.8

33. CRRC 23-Nov-0533 Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Social Capital MigrantNon-Migrant Knows half or more villagers by name (%)50.053.7 Has own relatives in village (%)51.357.0 Has in-laws in village (%)83.887.0 Visited in-laws in past week (%)60.156.8 Visited non-relatives in past wk (%) Never22.530.8 1-2 times34.130.1 3 or more times43.438.4 Attended one or more weddings in village in past year (%)66.472.3 Attended one or more funerals in village in past year (%)66.758.2

34. CRRC 23-Nov-0534 Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Social Capital MigrantNon-Migrant Socialized w/others last Wed. (%)79.674.0 Socialized w/others last Sun. (%)78.275.9 Cooperated with other women in past 3 months (%): In agricultural work17.716.2 In buying and selling8.16.7 Making preserves for winter29.026.7 In any type of cooperation41.236.5 Participated in community projects (%)11.110.7

35. CRRC 23-Nov-0535 Migrants vs. non-Migrants: Social Capital MigrantNon-Migrant Got money from relatives as … Interest-free loan8.610.4 Loan with interest4.04.4 Gift13.411.7 Got money from in-laws as … Interest-free loan11.113.4 Loan with interest4.13.6 Gift8.111.0 Got money from others as … Interest-free loan10.415.4 Loan with interest9.67.5 Gift2.53.7

36. CRRC 23-Nov-0536 Migration intentions and expectations MigrantNon-Migrant Would like to move from village (%)59.553.5 Would like to move abroad (%)7.65.6 Husband will likely to work away54.818.0 She is likely to go with husband30.053.1 (% of those whose husbands are likely to go) Watched Russian-language TV in past week66.758.4

37. CRRC 23-Nov-0537 Decision-making and gender attitudes MigrantNon-migrant Respondent is head of HH11.83.3 Who made the decision on a major purchase*: Mainly respondent34.412.9 Mainly husband33.044.7 Respondent and husband17.624.6 Others15.017.8 * Only those who reported having made a major purchase recently

38. CRRC 23-Nov-0538 Insights From Qualitative Interviews Marriage and Family Marital satisfaction §Ø»Ýù É³í »Ýù, ãÝ³Û³Í íÇ×áõÙ »Ýù, µ³Ûó ¹» É³í »Ýù: ²ÙáõëÇÝë áõñÇß ÏÝÇÏ, »ñ»Ë³ ãáõÝÇ, ³ë»Ýù, áõñÇßÝ»ñÇ ÝÙ³Ý ` Ë÷»É µ³Ý ãϳ, Ù»Ýù É³í »Ýù®¦: Changes in family responsibilities resulting from migration Changes in relationships with husband §ºñµ ݳ í»ñ³¹³éÝáõÙ ¿ ÏÛ³ÝùÁ ß³ï ɳí, ³ßËáõÛÅ, µ³ñÓñ ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ,Ù»Í á·¨áñáõÃÛ³Ùµ,³Ù»Ý ÇÝã ³ñ¹»Ý ³ß˳ñÑáõÙ ÷áËíáõÙ ¿,³Ù»Ý ÇÝã ÷³ñóٳÝáõÙ, ·»Õ»óϳÝáõÙ, ɳí³ÝáõÙ ¿: ²ÝÏ³Ë ù»½³ÝÇó ³Ù»Ý ³é³íáï ɳí ïñ³Ù³¹ñáõÃÛ³Ùµ ³ñÃݳÝáõÙ »ë, ùá ÁÝï³ÝÇùÇ Ñ»ï, ß³ï ɳí, ³ñï³Ï³ñ· ³ ÙÇ Ëáëùáí, µ³Ûó »ñµ ·ÝáõÙ ³, å³ñ½ ³ ³ñ¹»Ý…. ¦: Marital (in)fidelity §¸» ¹³ ÙÇßï ¿É Ñ³Û»ñÇ Ùáï ÁݹÑáõÝí³Í ³, áí ãÇ ¹³í³×³ÝáõÙ: γñ¨áñÁ ùá Ùáï ¿ ·³ÉÇë, »ñ»Ë»ùǹ, »ëÇÙ, ÙÇßï ¿É ³Û¹å»ë ¿ñ®Ù»Ýù ã¿ áñ åÇïÇ ÙÇ µ³Ý ÷áË»Ýù®¦:

39. CRRC 23-Nov-0539 Marriage and Family (cont.) Wife’s perceptions of husband’s life in migration §¸» ѳ٠ÇÝùÁ ¿ñ»Ë»ùÇó Ñ»éáõ ³ ÁÉÝáõÙ, í»ñçÁ Ù»½³ÝÇó Ñ»éáõ ³ ÁÉÝáõÙ, Ç٠ѳٳñ ³í»ÉÇ ¹Åí³ñ ³: ÆÝùÁ Áݹ»Õ,³ë»Ýù å»ïù ³ Çñ³ ѳٳñ ³ß˳ïáõÙ ³, ѳ٠Çñ³Ý Éí³óù ³ ³ÝáõÙ, ѳ٠Çñ³Ý ×³ß ³ ¿÷áõÙ, µ³Ûó ¹» ³í»ÉÇ Ñ³ñÙ³ñ ÏÉÇÝÇ ÇÝùÁ ëï»Õ ÁÉÝÇ, ÇÝùÁ ³Ù»Ý ÇñÇÏáõÝ ·³ Çñ³ ïáõݦ: Communication with husband while he is away §ÆÝùÁ ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ ËáëáõÙ ³ ¿ñ»Ë»ùÇó, áñ ¿ñ»Ë»ùÇë ɳí å³ÑÇ, ÍÝáÕ³óë ɳí å³ÑÇ, ѳñ·Ç: àÝó »ù ·áñÍ»ñÁ ³ÝáõÙ, ³éáÕçáõÃÛáõݹ áÝó ³, ¹áõ ù»½ ɳí ݳÛÇ, »ë ¿É ³ëáõÙ »Ù, ûï³ñ ï»ÕÁ ¹áõ »ë, ¹áõ ɳí ÉÇÝ»ë: Ø»Ýù ëï»Õ É³í »Ýù, ù»½ å³ÑÇ, ËݳÛÇ: » åñáµÉ»Ù ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ³ëáõÙ »Ù,ѳñóÝáõÙ »Ù, ËáëáõÙ »Ýù¦: Husband’s migration and family decision-making §¸» ·Çï»ë ÇÝã »ë ³é³í»ÉáõÃÛáõÝ»ñ ß³ï áõÝ»Ù, ÇÙ ³ÙáõëÇÝÁ ëÇñáÕ ³ÙáõëÇÝ ³, µ³Ûó Ù»ñ ѳۻñÇ Ù»ç ÁݹáõÝí³Í ¿, áñ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Á å»ïù ¿ áñáßáõ٠ϳ۳óÝÇ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ý ³ ·É˳íáñÁ¦: Changes in relationships with kin and in-laws §ÆÝã ÷áËíÇ (ÉéáõÃÛáõÝ), ÙdzÛÝ ÍÝáÕÝ»ñë ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï »Ý ³Ýѳݷëï³ÝáõÙ, »ñµ ݳ ³Ûëï»Õ ãÇ: » ã¿ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝã ¿É ÝáõÛÝÝ ¿ ÙÝáõÙ¦: §â¿ áã ÙÇ ÷á÷áËáõÃÛáõÝ ¿É ãϳ, ÝáõÛÝÝ ³, ÑÁÉÁ ÙÇ µ³Ý ¿É ɳí³ÝáõÙ ³¦: Women’s migration intentions §ºÃ» ÙdzݳÝù »ñϳñ ÏÙݳÝù, »Ã» »ë »ÏáÕ ï³ñÇ ·Ý³Ù` ÏÙݳ٦: §²ÙáõëÇÝë ãåÇïÇ ·³, å»ïù ³ ·³ ÇÝÓ ëï»ÕÇó ï³ÝÇ, Ù»Ýù Áݹ»Õ` ØÇÝíá¹ÇÛáõÙ, ïáõÝ áõÝ»Ýù¦:

40. CRRC 23-Nov-0540 Childbearing and child-rasing Children and stability of “migrants” families §´³Ûó, ·Çï»Ù ß³ï»ñÁ Ï³Ý áõñÇß ÁÝï³ÝÇù »Ý Áݹ»Õ ëï»ÕËáõÙ,»ñ»Ë³® ¸» ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹ »Ý, ѳëϳÝáõÙ »Ù, µ³Ûó ·áÝ» »ñ»Ë³ ãå»ïù ¿ áõݻݳÝ, áõ ëï»ÕÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ¿É ãÙáé³Ý³Ý: ºñ»Ë»ùÇÝ å³Ñ»Ý, û·Ý»Ý, Ù»Ï Ù»Ï ·³Ý, ï»ëÝ»Ý, »ñ»Ë»ùÁ Ñáñ ϳñÇùÁ áõÝ»Ý, åÇïÇ Ñ»ñÁ ¹³ëïÇñ³ÏÇ, ·áÝ» ÙÇ ùÇã, ÇÝã áõ½áõÙ »Ý ³Ý»Ý Ù»Ý³Ï »ñ»Ë»ùÇÝ ãÃáÕÝ»Ý, ãÙáé³Ý³Ý: Ø»Ï Ù»Ï ·³Ý »ñ»Ë»ùÇ Ùáﮦ: Children’s socialization §Ü³ áÝó áñ ³·ñ»ëÇí ¹³ñÓ³Í ÉÇÝÇ, Ý»ñí³ÛÇÝ ³, ÇÝùÁ ß³ï ѳݷÇëï »ñ»Ë³ ¿, »ñµ ѳÛñÁ ³ëï»Õ ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ, µ³Ûó ÇÝã ѳÛñÁ·ÝáõÙ ³ ¿ë »ñ»Ë³Ý áÝó áñ ³Ù»Ý ÇÝãÇó ß³ï ßáõï Ý»ñí³ÛݳÝáõÙ ³, »Ã» ÷áÕáóáõÙ ÇÝã áñ Ù»ÏÁ Çñ³Ý ÏåÝáõÙ ³ Ñݳñ³íáñ ãÇ áñ ãË÷Ç, ß³ï ßáõï ³ µéÝÏíáõÙ, ÇëÏ áñ ѳÛñÇÏÁ ³Ûëï»Õ ³ Ýñ³ ÏáÕùÇó ï»Õ ãÇ ·ÝáõÙ,Ýñ³Ý ÉëáõÙ ³, µ³óÇ ³Û¹ Ñáñ ¹³ëïdzñ³ÏáõÃÛáõÝÁ ß³ï ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ³ ³ÝÑñ³Å»ßï ïÕ³ÛÇÝ, ù³Ý ÙáñÁ¦: Children and work §ºñµ ³ÙáõëÇÝÝ»ñÁ ëï»Õ ã»Ý, ß³ï ÁÝï³ÝÇùÝ»ñáõÙ Ñá·ëÁ ÁÝÏ³Í ¿ »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ áõë»ñÇÝ: ÆëÏ ¹³, ³ë»Ýù û, Ýå³ëïáõÙ ¿ »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÇ ãëáíáñ»ÉáõÝ, Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ã»Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ, Çëϳå»ë Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ã»Ý áõÝ»ÝáõÙ Ù»ñ »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÁ ¹³ë ëáíáñ»Éáõ, áñáíÑ»ï¨ ÙÇ ûñ, ³ë»Ýù, Ëáï ÑÝÓ»Éáõ »Ý ·ÝáõÙ, ÙÇ ûñ ϳñïáßϳ ù³ËѳݻÉáõ… ¾¹ µáÉáñ ï»ë³ÏÇ Ñá·ë»ñÁ ÍÝáÕÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï »ñ»Ë³Ý»ñÝ »Ý ³ÝáõÙ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Ï³Ýó µ³ó³Ï³ÛáõÃÛ³Ý å³ï׳éáí: ¸³, ³é³çÇÝ Ñ»ñÃÇÝ, ųٳݳÏÇó ßáõï ٻͳÝáõÙ »Ý, Ù³ÝÏáõÃÛáõÝ ùÇã »Ý ï»ëÝáõÙ, ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï ÷áÕáó »Ý ÁÝÏÝáõÙ.:

41. CRRC 23-Nov-0541 Women’s Work Women’s work outside the home: any changes due to migration? Husband’s continuing control over wives’ work outside the home §ÐÇÙÝ³Ï³Ý áõÕÕáõÃÛáõÝÁ ¹åñáóÝ ³... ÇÝÓ ÃíáõÙ ³, »Ã» áõñÇß ·áñÍ ÉÇÝÇ ³ÙáõëÇÝë ãÇ Ñ³Ù³Ó³ÛÝíÇ:...ÇÝùÁ ÙÇßï ѳñÝóáõÙ ³, áõ±ñ »ë ·ÝáõÙ, á±ñ ųÙÇÝ »ë ïáõÝ ·³ÉÇë¦: §ºñ¨Ç ³ß˳ï»ÉÁ ×Çßï ³, áñ óñí»ë ÙÇ ù³ÝÇ Å³Ùáí ³éûñÛ³ ·áñÍ»ñÇó¦ Women’s work at home §Þ³ï ¹Åí³ñ ³åñáÕÝ»ñ ϳÝ... »ë ½·áõÙ »Ù ÏáÕùÇó, ß³ï- ß³ï »Ý ã³ñã³ñíáõÙ, ã³ñã³ñ³ÝùÝ»ñ »ë ß³ï ã»Ù ï»ë»É¦: Women add husband’s responsibilities to their own Women seek help from relatives or hire help

42. CRRC 23-Nov-0542 Social Networks Continuity and change in the relationships with: Relatives and in-laws §ºñµ ÇÝùÁ ëï»Õ ³, µ³ñ»Ï³ÙÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ³í»ÉÇ ß³ï »Ù ß÷íáõÙ, ٻͳٳë³Ùµ ÇÝùÝ ³ ³é³ç³ñÏáõÙ, û ³ñÇ ·Ý³Ýù, µ³Ûó áñ ÇÝùÁ ëï»Õ ãÇ ³ëáõÙ »ë, ÙÇ ùÇã ùÇã ß÷í»Ù, ÙÇ ùÇã å³ëÇí å³Ñ»Ù¦: §»ëÇÙ, ¿Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³í»ÉÇ ³½³ï »ñ¨Ç…, ³ë»Ýù, áõ½áõÙ »ë µ³ñ»Ï³ÙÇ ïáõÝ ³Ûó»É»ë, ¿Ý Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ³í»ÉÇ ³½³ï »³, ÑÇÙ³ ã¿, áÝó áñ ãáõ½»Ý³ë, áñ ÇÝùÁ ëï»Õ ãÇ…¦: §Àݹѳϳé³ÏÁ, ³í»ÉÇ ³½³ï »Ý, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹áõ Ý»ñϳÛáõÃÛáõÝÁ ãϳ, ѳñ¨³ÝÝ»ñÇ Ñ»ï ß÷áõÙÁ ³í»ÉÇ ³½³ï ³, ³Ýϳßϳݹ ³, ï³ÝÁ ëå³ëáÕ ãáõÝÇ, ËáëáÕ ãáõÝÇ, ٳݳí³Ý¹, áñ Ù»ÍÇ ï»Õ ãÇ, µ³Ûó ¹» áñ ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹Á ï³ÝÝ ³ ÁÉÝÁÙ, ïÕ³Ù³ñ¹áõó åÇïÇ ù³ßí»Ý¦: Neighbors §¸» ³ë»ÉÁ… ³ë»ë ϳñáÕ ³ Ù»ÏÁ áõñ³Ë³Ý³, Ù»ÏÁ ïËñÇ, ϳ٠¿É »ë ÇÙ ëÏ»ëáõñÇó ÇÝã-áñ Ù»ÏÇó µáÕáù»óÇ, ÇÝã å»ïù ³ ³ÝÇ, Ù»ÏÁ ÙÇ áõñÇß ï»Õ ³ëÇ, Ù»ÏÁ ÙÇ áõñÇß ï»Õ ³ñ¹»Ý ³ë»ÏáëÝ»ñÁ ß³ï³ÝáõÙ ³¦: Friends §ÀÝÏ»ñáõÑÇÝ»ñ ¿É áõݻ٠¹åñáó³Ï³Ý: ´³Ûó Çñ³Ýó Ñ»ï ÑÇÙ³ ß³ï ã»Ù ß÷íáõÙ, áõß-áõß »Ýù ß÷íáõÙ, ¿Ý ¿É ÑÇÙݳϳÝáõÙ Ñ»é³Ëáëáí: Æñ³Ýù ¿É »Ý ÑÇÙ³ ³Ùáõëݳó³Í, Å³Ù³Ý³Ï ãáõÝ»Ý, ï³Ý Ñá·ë»ñáí »Ý ½µ³Õí³Í, »ñ»Ë³ áõÝ»Ý: ºë ÑÁÉÁ Áï»Ýó ͳÝñ³µ»éÝí³Í ã»Ù Å³Ù³Ý³Ï áõÝ»Ù, µ³Ûó Çñ³Ýù µ³ÕáõÙ ¿É »Ý ³ß˳ïáõÙ, ã»Ý ѳëóÝáõÙ¦:

43. CRRC 23-Nov-0543 Religion and psychological issues The meaning of faith and religion before and after husband’s migration –Worries about husband’s health and safety –Religion as a source of emotional support §Ð³í³ïÁ ϳñ¨áñ ¿, áñáíÑ»ï¨ »ñµ ï»ÕÝ»ñë ÙÇ ùÇã Ý»Õ ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ³ëáõÙ »Ù í³Û ²ëïí³Í ç³Ý, ÃáÕ ³ÙáõëÇÝë ßáõï í»ñ³¹³éݳ¦: §ÆÝãå»ë »ñ»Ë³ÛÇ Ñ³Ù³ñ Ù³ÛñÁ ï³ÝÁ ãÇ ÉÇÝáõÙ, ÇÝÓ Ñ³Ù³ñ ¿É ÇÝùÁ ï³ÝÁ ãÇ. ݳ ¿ ÇÙ ÙÇ³Ï Ñ³ñ³½³ïÁ¦: Psychological problems: loneliness, sense of insecurity, uncertainty about the future, “nerves” §Ü³ÛÇ, í³É»ñdzݳÛÇ ¹»ÕÇÝ Ïá׳ÏÝ»ñÁ ¹ñ³Í »Ý ¿Ýï»Õ, »ë ³Ù»Ý ·Çß»ñ åÇïÇ ËÙ»Ù, áñ ùÝ»Ù, ÇëÏ áñ ÇÝùÁ ëï»Õ ³ ÉÇÝáõÙ ¿¹ ¹»ÕÇ Ù³ëÇÝ ã»Ù ¿É Ùï³ÍáõÙ¦:

44. CRRC 23-Nov-0544 Future steps Further analyses, including multivariate analyses of survey data Cross-sectional survey data  limited causal inferences Data and results through the Internet Based on results and lessons learned, designing and implementing a larger new study (pending funding)